IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/prs/rvofce/ofce_0751-6614_1997_num_63_1_1477.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

La flexibilité comparée des marchés du travail américain et japonais

Author

Listed:
  • David Jestaz
  • Olivier Passet

Abstract

[fre] Depuis le début des années soixante-dix, les Etats-Unis et le Japon se distinguent des autres pays de l'OCDE par le fait que le taux de chômage est pour l'essentiel stationnaire (il fluctue autour d'une moyenne constante : cette fluctuation est faible au Japon et forte aux Etats-Unis). Partant de ces faits saillants, nous avons cherché à distinguer quelles étaient les caractéristiques des marchés du travail respectifs, afin de les inscrire dans la régulation économique d'ensemble. Nous avons donc cherché à situer notre réflexion dans une perspective générale, en intégrant le fonctionnement des marchés financiers, du système de formation et plus généralement, des interventions de politique économique. De cette analyse comparée, il ressort que les Etats-Unis et le Japon se trouvent être deux cas polaires, tant dans la configuration de l'emploi que dans l'adaptation cyclique. La configuration de l'emploi est assez stable depuis trente ans, aucun des deux pays n'ayant décidé de réformer le fonctionnement de son marché du travail : l'emploi est peu protégé aux Etats- Unis, quel que soit le statut, alors que le Japon offre la vision d'un système dual où coexistent l'emploi à vie et les statuts atypiques. En matière de comportement cyclique, le premier pays se caractérise par une rigidité nominale des salaires, ce qui provoque une plus grande variabilité de la quantité de travail par rapport au cycle, loin donc de la présentation néoclassique des marchés. Au contraire, au Japon, les salaires nominaux sont flexibles et la quantité de travail relativement invariante. Mais, cette fexibi- lité moyenne des prix coexiste avec une forte viscosité des prix relatifs. Par ailleurs, les deux pays ont comme spécificité d'avoir parfaitement intégré leur marché du travail à une forme de contrat social qui sert à partager le poids des ajustements. Au Japon, il ressort que le marché du travail a été vidé de sa fonction d'allocation de la main-d'œuvre, au profit d'un système interne aux entreprises ; aux Etats-Unis, ce marché externe aux entreprises conserve un rôle crucial dans la réallocation de la main-d'œuvre. In-fine, il ressort de l'étude de ces deux pays que la flexibilité n'admet pas un définition unique. A la définition classique de l'OCDE, on peut opposer une autre définition qui organise la transmission des déséquilibres dans le cadre d'un contrat social qui fige certains paramètres. Le Japon et les Etats-Unis mettent en œuvre deux formes de cohérence dans ce partage des ajustements ; c'est du côté du défaut de cohérence qu'il faut chercher une réponse aux échecs de nombreux pays européens à éviter la dérive du taux de chômage. [eng] Japan vs. the United States : a comparison of labor market flexibility David Jestaz, Olivier Passet It is a well documented fact that no substantial shift of employment in Japan and in the United States have been observed since the seventies. The unemployment rate in both countries have followed a stationary process. The deviation around the trend is important in the United States and small in Japan, but both trend remain constant. In this paper we document the main features of the labor markets of both countries. We try to focus on important aspects directly correlated to the labor markets. For instance, the financial system is a central question for our purpose, as well as the educational system. Neither Japan, nor the US has proceeded to a legal reform of the labor market. Despite the unchanged legislation, they have both successfully coped with unemployment. On the one hand, Japan has experienced very few employment variation. Productivity is pro-cyclical and the wage setting is very flexible because wage can be priced many times a year. Moreover, many Japanese workers benefit from the life time employment. Although, others are precluded from that status and suffer inferior positions. On the other hand, nominal wages are sticky in the United States. This sluggish adjustment sharply raise the unemployment during recessions. It is far from the neoclassical framework which is supposed to suit the American case. Both countries has successfully included their labor market in a social contract. In Japan, the labor market has lost its allocation function in favor of internal markets. In the United States, the allocation process hinges on the labor market efficiency. We reached the conclusion that there is no standardized definition for flexibility. The classical OECD definition can be challenged by another one. In this definition, the social compact has a crucial role to organize the transmission of disequilibrium. A lack of consistency regarding the social contract prevents Europe from successfully tackling with high unemployment rate.

Suggested Citation

  • David Jestaz & Olivier Passet, 1997. "La flexibilité comparée des marchés du travail américain et japonais," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 63(1), pages 143-194.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1997_num_63_1_1477
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1997.1477
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1997.1477
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.3406/ofce.1997.1477
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.persee.fr/doc/ofce_0751-6614_1997_num_63_1_1477
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.3406/ofce.1997.1477?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Blanchard, Olivier Jean & Quah, Danny, 1989. "The Dynamic Effects of Aggregate Demand and Supply Disturbances," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 79(4), pages 655-673, September.
    2. George A. Akerlof & William R. Dickens & George L. Perry, 1996. "The Macroeconomics of Low Inflation," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 27(1), pages 1-76.
    3. Blanchard, Olivier J. & Summers, Lawrence H., 1987. "Hysteresis in unemployment," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(1-2), pages 288-295.
    4. Arthur M. Okun, 1975. "Inflation: Its Mechanics and Welfare Costs," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 6(2), pages 351-402.
    5. Gordon, Robert J, 1982. "Why U.S. Wage and Employment Behaviour Differs from That in Britain and Japan," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 92(365), pages 13-44, March.
    6. Tachibanaki, Toshiaki, 1987. "Labour market flexibility in Japan in comparison with Europe and the U.S," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(3), pages 647-678, April.
    7. Azariadis, Costas, 1975. "Implicit Contracts and Underemployment Equilibria," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 83(6), pages 1183-1202, December.
    8. François Meunier, 1982. "Un deuxième choc pétrolier plus éprouvant pour l'économie française," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 149(1), pages 31-45.
    9. François Meunier, 1983. "La France et ses partenaires face au second choc pétrolier," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 155(1), pages 3-13.
    10. Martin Neil Baily, 1974. "Wages and Employment under Uncertain Demand," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 41(1), pages 37-50.
    11. Edmund S. Phelps, 1968. "Money-Wage Dynamics and Labor-Market Equilibrium," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 76(4), pages 678-678.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. John Haltiwanger & Mark Plant, 1984. "How Should We Measure Slackness in the Labor Market?," UCLA Economics Working Papers 343, UCLA Department of Economics.
    2. Marcel Chassot, 1982. "Zur Asymmetrie des Lohnverhaltens - Das Beispiel der schweizerischen Phillips-Kurve: 1959-1979," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics (SJES), Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics (SSES), vol. 118(IV), pages 393-407, December.
    3. Haltiwanger, John, 1984. "The Distinguishing Characteristics of Temporary and Permanent Layoffs," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 2(4), pages 523-538, October.
    4. Valerie Cerra & Antonio Fatás & Sweta C. Saxena, 2023. "Hysteresis and Business Cycles," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 61(1), pages 181-225, March.
    5. Slanicay Martin, 2014. "Some Notes on Historical, Theoretical, and Empirical Background of DSGE Models," Review of Economic Perspectives, Sciendo, vol. 14(2), pages 145-164, June.
    6. Dave Reifschneider & William Wascher & David Wilcox, 2015. "Aggregate Supply in the United States: Recent Developments and Implications for the Conduct of Monetary Policy," IMF Economic Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Monetary Fund, vol. 63(1), pages 71-109, May.
    7. repec:eee:labchp:v:3:y:1999:i:pb:p:2291-2372 is not listed on IDEAS
    8. Alogoskoufis, George & Malliaris, A.G. & Stengos, Thanasis, 2023. "The scope and methodology of economic and financial asymmetries," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, vol. 27(C).
    9. Laura Inés D'Amato & Enrique López Enciso & María Teresa Ramírez Giraldo (ed.), 2013. "Dinámica inflacionaria, persistencia y formación de precios y salarios," Investigación Conjunta-Joint Research, Centro de Estudios Monetarios Latinoamericanos, CEMLA, edition 1, volume 1, number 2, December.
    10. Jonathan P. Thomas, 2000. "Fair pay and a Wagebill Argument for Wage Rigidity and Excessive Employment Variability," Labor and Demography 0004004, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    11. Keating, John W. & Nye, John V., 1999. "The Dynamic Effects of Aggregate Demand and Supply Disturbances in the G7 Countries," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 21(2), pages 263-278, April.
    12. M. Ali Choudhary & Saima Mahmood & Sajawal Khan & Waqas Ahmed & Gylfi Zoega, 2013. "Sticky Wages in a Developing Country: Lessons from Structured Interviews in Pakistan," School of Economics Discussion Papers 0213, School of Economics, University of Surrey.
    13. Yamane, Linus, 1998. "The insider-outsider model and Japanese labor unions," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 10(2), pages 157-171, April.
    14. Grandmont, Jean-michel, 1989. "Keynesian issues and economic theory," CEPREMAP Working Papers (Couverture Orange) 8907, CEPREMAP.
    15. Fernández-de-Córdoba, Gonzalo & Vázquez, Jesús, 2011. "Unions, monetary shocks and the labour market cycle," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 28(3), pages 1140-1149, May.
    16. Andrew Garin & Filipe Silverio, 2017. "How Does Firm Performance Affect Wages? Evidence from Idiosyncratic Export Shocks," 2017 Papers pga940, Job Market Papers.
    17. Ian M. McDonald, 1984. "Trying to Understand Stagflation," Australian Economic Review, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, vol. 17(3), pages 32-56, November.
    18. Guerrazzi, Marco & Meccheri, Nicola, 2012. "From wage rigidity to labour market institution rigidity: A turning-point in explaining unemployment?," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 41(2), pages 189-197.
    19. Thorsten Posselt & Thomas Bürkle, 2006. "Franchising als Mischsystem: Die Bestimmung des optimalen Anteils der franchisenehmerbetriebenen Einheiten am Gesamtsystem," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, vol. 58(2), pages 150-168, March.
    20. Willem Thorbecke, 2002. "A Dual Mandate for the Federal Reserve: The Pursuit of Price Stability and Full Employment," Eastern Economic Journal, Eastern Economic Association, vol. 28(2), pages 255-268, Spring.
    21. Lloyd Ulman, 1992. "Why Should Human Resource Managers Pay High Wages?," British Journal of Industrial Relations, London School of Economics, vol. 30(2), pages 177-212, June.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1997_num_63_1_1477. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Equipe PERSEE (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.persee.fr/collection/ofce .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.