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Inégalités singulières et plurielles : les évolutions de la courbe du revenu disponible

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  • Louis Chauvel

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[eng] Singular Versus Plural Inequalities The Evolutions of the Size Distribution of Income. Louis Chauvel. In many contemporary researches, the multidimensionality of the inequalities is underlined ; nevertheless, our understanding of the phenomenon of economic inequality is often unidimensional. The (popular as well as scientific) representation of inequalities consists of a dichotomical model which refers to two potential worlds : a world of perfect equality where every population member receives the same income, and a world of perfect inequality in which two classes of the population, the poor and the rich, are confronted. Vilfredo Pareto, Max Lorenz and Corrado Gini attempted to build a single indicator for inequality ; therefore they had left us an unidimensional methodological corpus, which is no longer convenient to compare the national differences in the distribution of income : we now know that, even if the income is measured along an unidimensional scale, the problem of its distribution is a multidimensional issue. To go beyond this paradox, we should understand that the distribution of income is not the sharing of a pie between the rich and the poor, but rather between three classes, since the middle class always takes a significant part of the national income. In various western countries, sharing modalities among the three classes lead to various types of distribution. A new method for the analysis of inequality is presented : it is based on the combination of three indicators of inequality respectively for the poor, the middle and the rich classes. These indicators are linked to a specific type of curve, the strobiloid (from the Greek strobilos : tap), allowing the objectivation of the social pyramid, which has in fact the shape of a tap. Such a graphical representation allows a direct comparison of the different national distribution systems and their evolutions. Nowdays, large differences and fast changes appear between the various countries for different years. While our analysis converges to some extent with the shrinking middle class hypothesis, the speed and the extent of such a contraction of the middle class differ among countries. Its consequences on the poor class are also diverse, due to the partial independence between the low and the middle part of the strobiloid : the shrinkage of the middle class may go alongside with the enrichment of the poor — for instance if a more generous minimum income is provided. Such a paradox can not be understood with the classical Gini index, neither with other unidimensional indicators. Moreover, the methodological proposal allows the simulation of the shift of the French strobiloid towards those of Sweden, Netherlands and USA, and the evaluation of the gains and the losses of each class. An important result is the diversity of the shapes of the income distribution curve among western countries. This leads to the refutation of Pareto's idea on the universality of the curve. The actual variety of shapes shows the possibility of a choice in the distribution of disposable income. The curve is not the simple result of an universal deterministic process oriented by the necessities of economic efficiency ; rather, it reveals the equilibrium between confronting social norms. [fre] Inégalités est un mot que l'on a longtemps écrit au pluriel et pensé au singulier. Si les travaux récents soulignent de plus en plus souvent la multidimensionnalité du phénomène inégalitaire, l'idée que nous avons des inégalités, et surtout des inégalités économiques, est souvent dichotomique. Le modèle mental spontané est fait, la plupart du temps, de deux mondes possibles entre lesquels nous devrions faire un choix plus ou moins nuancé : d'une part, un monde d'égalité où le sort de chacun serait semblable et moyen, et, d'autre part, un monde d'inégalité, fait de la polarisation, de la scission, voire de l'affrontement, d'une classe de riches très riches, et d'une classe de pauvres très pauvres. Vraisemblablement, la réalité des inégalités économiques est bien plus complexe que ne le suggère cette vue de l'esprit, même si nous restons, un siècle après Pareto, Lorenz et Gini, à la recherche d'un ou du bon indicateur d'inégalité : bien que l'échelle du revenu soit unidi- mensionnelle, la répartition de ce revenu pose des problèmes multidi- mensionnels, ce qui apparaît dans la comparaison de différents pays occidentaux. Ce paradoxe vient de ce que le jeu de la répartition n'est pas nécessairement le partage d'un gâteau entre deux classes seulement de la population (les riches contre les pauvres), mais un équilibre tripolaire, puisque les classes moyennes viennent nécessairement brouiller le jeu dichotomique en prélevant leur part, plus ou moins importante. Ce partage en trois catégories peut conduire à des formes extrêmement différentes de la courbe de répartition du revenu. Aussi proposons-nous ici une méthode différente des approches traditionnelles. Elle est fondée sur la combinaison de trois mesures complémentaires d'inégalité, concernant respectivement les revenus modestes, moyens et gros. Ces trois indicateurs sont associés à une représentation graphique, le strobiloïde (du grec στροβιλς toupie), qui permet d'objectiver la pyramide sociale, qui présente plutôt la forme d'une toupie. Cette représentation permet de comparer les différents systèmes nationaux de répartition et d'en suivre les déformations progressives. Nos analyses rejoignent, pour la plupart des pays occidentaux, l'hypothèse souvent formulée de rétrécissement de la classe moyenne (shrinking middle class), mais cette implosion de la classe moyenne connaît une intensité fort différente selon les pays, et peut avoir des conséquences différentes sur les populations les plus pauvres ; il peut en résulter une aggravation de la pauvreté, mais, au contraire, la mise en œuvre de filets de sécurité et de minimums plus généreux peut conduire au maintien de la condition voire à une amélioration relative du sort des plus démunis. Ce paradoxe, incompréhensible lorsque l'on manipule un indicateur global d'inégalité tel que le coefficient de Gini, peut trouver ici une solution. Par ailleurs, la courbe proposée permet de simuler l'impact que pourrait avoir l'alignement de la courbe de répartition française sur différents modèles étrangers, permettant ainsi de repérer les gains et pertes des différents niveaux de revenus. Au vu de tels résultats, il apparaît que les pays étudiés sont caractérisés par des formes extrêmement différentes de la répartition. Ce constat permet ainsi de réfuter l'idée séculaire de Vilfredo Pareto (1896- 1897) selon laquelle il existerait une seule forme, universelle, de la répartition du revenu. Les particularismes que nous mesurons montrent combien, au contraire, le revenu se répartit de façon spécifique et variable selon les expériences nationales et les choix explicites ou implicites réalisés par les sociétés, les acteurs et les configurations institutionnelles nationales : moins déterministe qu'il n'y paraît, la courbe de répartition du revenu montre l'importance de degrés de liberté dont nous n'avons que rarement conscience. Ces inégalités économiques ne sont donc en rien une

Suggested Citation

  • Louis Chauvel, 1995. "Inégalités singulières et plurielles : les évolutions de la courbe du revenu disponible," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 55(1), pages 211-240.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1995_num_55_1_1410
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1995.1410
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1995.1410
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    2. Anthony Atkinson & Timothy Smeeding & Lee Rainwater, 1994. "Income Distribution in European Countries," LIS Working papers 121, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg.
    3. Levy, Frank & Murnane, Richard J, 1992. "U.S. Earnings Levels and Earnings Inequality: A Review of Recent Trends and Proposed Explanations," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 30(3), pages 1333-1381, September.
    4. Anthony B. Atkinson & Sandrine Cazes & S. Milano & J. Assemat & B. Jeandidier & R. Teekens & M.A. Zaïdi, 1990. "Mesures de la pauvreté et politiques sociales : une étude comparative de la France, de la RFA et du Royaume-Uni," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 33(1), pages 105-130.
    5. Atkinson, Anthony B., 1970. "On the measurement of inequality," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 2(3), pages 244-263, September.
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