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Les brevets incitent-ils les entreprises industrielles à innover ?

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  • Emmanuel Duguet
  • Claire Lelarge

Abstract

[spa] ¿ Incitan las patentes a que las empresas industriales innoven? . Un examen microeconométrico . . Se supone que los derechos de propiedad intelectual, y sobre todo las patentes, protegen las empresas innovadoras al impedir que sus competidoras las imiten. El objetivo de semejante sistema radica en estimular el ritmo de progreso tecnológico al incitar a que las empresas lleven a cabo actividades de investigación y desarrollo. Este artículo analiza el comportamiento de innovación de las empresas francesas y trata de valorar la eficacia de ese sistema. Resulta que el uso de las patentes no es algo automático para las empresas; tan sólo cierto tipo de innnovaciones está patentado. Sólo las innovaciones de producto contribuyen de manera relevante en el depósito de patente. Las innovaciones de proceso, al contrario, parecen responder a una lógica bastante alejada de la de los derechos de propiedad intelectual. Al mismo tiempo, el sistema de patentes tendría un efecto incitativo fuerte en las innovaciones de producto, y no en las innovaciones de proceso. Las innovaciones favorecidas por el sistema sí que serían reales pero orientadas hacia las innovaciones de producto. Por otra parte, el reparto de los valores de las innovaciones de procesos registrado en nuestra muestra es concentrado y simétrico mientras que el de las innovaciones de productos es mucho más extenso y asimétrico igual que el reparto de los valores de las patentes. [eng] Do Patents Encourage Industrial Firms to Innovate? . A Microeconometric Study . . Intellectual property rights, especially patents, are supposed to protect innovating firms by preventing their competitors from imitating them. The purpose of the system is to stimulate the pace of technological progress by encouraging firms to undertake research and development activities. This paper analyses the innovative behaviour of French firms to estimate the system’s efficiency. The use of patents in no way seems automatic for firms and only certain types of innovation are patented. Only product innovations are thought to contribute significantly to the number of patents filed. Process innovations, on the other hand, would appear to follow a logic relatively independent of industrial property rights. Likewise, the patent system is reported to have a significant incentive effect on product innovations, but not on process innovations. The apparent incentives would therefore appear to be real, but biased towards product innovations. Moreover, the distribution of process innovation values obtained in our sample is concentrated and symmetric, whereas that for product innovations is much more spread out and asymmetric, as is the distribution of patent values. [fre] Les brevets incitent-ils les entreprises industrielles à innover? . Un examen microéconométrique . . Les droits de propriété intellectuelle, et notamment les brevets, sont censés protéger les entreprises innovantes en empêchant leurs concurrents de les imiter. L’objectif d’un tel système est de stimuler le rythme du progrès technologique en incitant les entreprises à s’engager dans des activités de recherche et développement. Cet article analyse le comportement d’innovation des entreprises françaises afin d’estimer l’efficacité de ce système. Il apparaît bien que l’utilisation des brevets n’est pas un automatisme pour les entreprises et que seuls certains types d’innovation sont brevetés. Ainsi, seules les innovations de produit contribueraient significativement au dépôt de brevet. Les innovations de procédé, au contraire, semblent obéir à une logique relativement indépendante des droits de propriété industriels. De même, le système de brevets aurait un effet incitatif significatif sur les innovations de produit, mais pas sur les innovations de procédé. Les incitations conférées seraient donc réelles mais biaisées vers les innovations de produit. Par ailleurs, la distribution des valeurs des innovations de procédés obtenue dans notre échantillon est concentrée et symétrique, alors que celle des innovations de produits est beaucoup plus étalée et asymétrique, comme l’est la distribution des valeurs des brevets. [ger] Fördern Patente die Innovation der Industrieunternehmen? . Eine mikroökonomische Untersuchung . . Die Rechte des geistigen Eigentums, insbesondere die Patente sollen die innovativen Unternehmen schützen, indem sie deren Konkurrenten daran hindern, sie zu imitieren. Ziel eines solchen Systems ist es, die Forschungs-und Entwicklungstätigkeiten der Unternehmen zu fördern und somit den technologischen Fortschritt zu stimulieren. In diesem Artikel wird das Innovationsverhalten der französischen Unternehmen analysiert, um die Effizienz dieses Systems zu schätzen. Es zeigt sich, dass der Rückgriff auf Patente für die Unternehmen keinen Automatismus darstellt und lediglich einige Innovationsarten patentiert werden. Mithin würden nur die Produktinnovationen signifikant zur Patentanmeldung beitragen. Dagegen scheinen die Verfahrensinnovationen einer Logik zu gehorchen, die von den gewerblichen Schutzrechten vergleichsweise unabhängig ist. Desgleichen hätte das Patentsystem eine signifikante Anreizwirkung für die Produktinnovationen, nicht aber für die Verfahrensinnovationen. Die Anreizwirkung wäre demnach real, würde jedoch zu den Produktinnovationen hin verzerrt. Ferner ist die bei unserer Stichprobe erhaltene Verteilung der Werte der Verfahrensinnovationen konzentriert und symmetrisch, wohingegen diejenige der Produktinnovationen viel gestreuter und asymmetrisch ist, wie dies auch auf die Verteilung der Werte der Patente zutrifft.

Suggested Citation

  • Emmanuel Duguet & Claire Lelarge, 2004. "Les brevets incitent-ils les entreprises industrielles à innover ?," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 380(1), pages 35-61.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2004_num_380_1_7678
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2004.7678
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2004.7678
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