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Transports et environnement

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  • Alain Bonnafous

Abstract

[fre] Transport et environnement : comment valoriser et maîtriser les effets externes ? . Les transports ont des impacts généralement négatifs sur l'environnement. Ils constituent, par exemple, la plus importante source de bruit. Ils contribuent à la pollution de l'air. Ces effets sont qualifiés d'externes lorsque aucune contrepartie pécuniaire n'est assurée par celui qui les provoque. La solution au problème consiste à imposer une telle contrepartie, ce qui correspond à une intemalisation. Mais, de même qu'il y a des formes très diverses d'effets externes, il y a des dispositifs très différents d'intemalisation. . Le responsable de l'effet externe ne paye une contrepartie que dans le cas d'une intemalisation qui sera dite radicale. L'internalisation pécuniaire non radicale peut aussi être observée, par exemple à travers des dépenses de protection contre le bruit. C'est la victime et non plus le coupable qui est alors le payeur. Les investissements publics de transport sont, le plus souvent, destinés à résorber des . fets externes comme ceux qui sont liés aux encombrements. Il s'agit alors d'une intemalisation budgétaire payée par le contribuable. Par extension, on peut enfin parler d'intemalisation sensible lorsqu'il y a, par exemple, prise de conscience des externalités biosphériques. . Qu'il s'agisse d'évaluer en termes monétaires les effets des transports sur l'environnement ou de définir les mesures destinées à les maîtriser, ces différentes formes d'intemalisation se trouvent successivement impliquées. Les experts et le législateur se sont livrés à un tel exercice en Suède de sorte que l'environnement soit pris en compte dans les grands arbitrages de la politique de transport. En appliquant ces résultats au cas des transports routiers de marchandises en France, on est conduit à des évaluations de coûts externes particulièrement élevés. [eng] Transport and the Environment : How to Improve and Control External Effects ? . Transport generally has a negative impact on the environment. For example, it constitutes the largest source of noise and contributes to air pollution. These effects are considered to be external when no financial compensation is provided by the parties that generate them. The solution to this problem consists of imposing such compensation and thereby creating an intemalization. However, there are extremely diverse forms of external effects in the same way as there is a wide variety of intemalization devices. . The party responsible for the external effect only pays compensation in the event of a so-called radical intemalization. Non-radical financial intemalization can also be observed, for example, through expenditure to protect against noise. It is therefore the victim who pays, rather than the guilty party. Public transport investments are more often than not intended to reduce external effects such as those associated with congestion. This constitutes a budgetary intemalization paid for by the taxpayer. It follows that appreciable intemalization could be considered to be happening when, for example, awareness of biospheric externalities is raised. . These different forms of intemalization are coming increasingly into play, whether in monetary evaluations of the effects of transport on the environment or in the definition of measures to control such effects. Experts and legislators in Sweden are involved in such an exercise to ensure that the environment is taken into account in the major transport policy arbitration proceedings. The application of these results to goods road haulage in France has provided particularly high evaluations of external costs. [spa] Transportes y medio ambiente Cômo valorizar y dominar los efectos externos ? . Los transportes tienen impactos que son generalmente negativos para el medio ambiente. Por ejemplo, constituyen la fuente de ruido mâs importante. Amedâs, contribuyen a la contaminaciôn del aire. A taies efectos se los llama externos cuando no existe ninguna contrapartida pecuniaria por parte del agente que los provoca. La soluciôn al problema consiste en imponer tal contrapartida, lo que permite reintroducir esos efectos externos en el câleulo econômico del agente concernido, dicho mecanismo se désigna con el nombre de "internalisation". Pero, asî como hay formas muy diversas de efectos externos, hay dispositivos muy diferentes de "internalisation". . El responsable del efecto externo paga solo una contrapartida en el caso de una "internalisation" llamada radical. La "internalisation" pecuniaria no radical, puede también ser observada, por ejemplo, a través de los gastos de protecciôn contra el ruido. El que paga es la vîctima y no el culpable. Las inversiones pûblicas de . transporte son, frecuentemente, destinadas a reabsorber efectos externos como los que estân ligados a los embotellamientos. Se trata enfonces de una "internalisation" presupuestaria pagada por el contribuyente. Por extension, se puede hablar, por ultimo, de "internalisation" sensible cuando, por ejemplo, hay conscientizaciôn de aspectos externos bioesféricos. . Que se trate de evaluar en términos monetarios los efectos de los transportes sobre el medio ambiente o de définir las medidas destinadas a dominarlos, estas formas diferentes de "internalisation" se hallan implicadas sucesivamente. Los exportos y los legisladores se dedicaron a tal ejercicio en Suecia, de manera que el medio ambiente sea tornado en cuenta en los grandes arbitrajes de la polîtica de transporte. Aplicando esos resultados al caso de los transportes de mercancîas por carretera en Francia, se han Ilegado a realizar evaluaciones de costos externos particularmente elevados.

Suggested Citation

  • Alain Bonnafous, 1992. "Transports et environnement," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 258(1), pages 121-128.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1992_num_258_1_6563
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1992.6563
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1992.6563
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    1. R. H. Coase, 2013. "The Problem of Social Cost," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 56(4), pages 837-877.
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    1. Martin Koning, 2009. "La congestion du boulevard périphérique parisien : Estimations, évolution 2000-2007, discussions," Post-Print halshs-00363389, HAL.
    2. Aurélie Mahieux & Odile Heddebaut, 2013. "Connecting mobility services and spatial territory typology: an application to a former coal mining area in France," Post-Print hal-00909412, HAL.
    3. Pascal Delisle, 1996. "Circulation routière et nuisances environnementales Quelle place pour l'analyse économique ?," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 59(1), pages 135-166.

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