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Exploring Hikikomori-like idiom of distress a year into the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Oman: Factorial validity of the 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire, prevalence and associated factors

Author

Listed:
  • Nasser Al-Sibani
  • Moon Fai Chan
  • Salim Al-Huseini
  • Nutaila Al Kharusi
  • Gilles J Guillemin
  • Mohammed Al-Abri
  • Aishwarya Ganesh
  • Yousuf Al Hasani
  • Samir Al-Adawi

Abstract

Background: Existing literature that examines the Hikikomori-like idiom of distress (HLID) initially labelled this phenomenon as a culture-bound syndrome. However, the increasing number of reports from other parts of the world suggest that HLID could instead be a culture-reactive idiom of distress, originating from biopsychosocial disequilibrium and cultural upheaval. The impact of imposed social withdrawal due to the Coronavirus 2 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic on the growing prevalence of HLID has not yet been adequately explored. Aims: The first objective is to examine the factorial validity of the 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ-25) in Oman. Second, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of HLID following the lifting of SARS-COV-2 restrictions in the Arabian Gulf country of Oman. The third related objective is to examine factors associated with the variation of HLID. Methods: This cross-sectional online survey was widely distributed across the diverse socio-demographic population residing in Oman. After the validation of the questionnaire and the factorial validity, the Arabic version of HQ-25 was used to explore the prevalence and factors associated with HLID. Results: A total of 1529 participants were included in the study (response rate = 76.5%), of whom 44% (n = 673) expressed HLID. We randomly split it into half, one for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (n = 764) and the other half for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (n = 765). From the EFA results, a three-factor model was found for the Omani version of HQ-25, which represented 52.87% of the variance with good internal reliability (Overall Cronbach’s: 0.92; Socialisation: 0.92; Isolation: 0.84; Emotional support: 0.73). The CFA results report acceptable goodness-of-fit indices (χ2/df = 17.92, p

Suggested Citation

  • Nasser Al-Sibani & Moon Fai Chan & Salim Al-Huseini & Nutaila Al Kharusi & Gilles J Guillemin & Mohammed Al-Abri & Aishwarya Ganesh & Yousuf Al Hasani & Samir Al-Adawi, 2023. "Exploring Hikikomori-like idiom of distress a year into the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Oman: Factorial validity of the 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire, prevalence and associated factors," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 18(8), pages 1-26, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0279612
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279612
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Samir Al-Adawi & Aishwarya Ganesh & Lara Al-Harthi & Muna Al-Saadoon & Nasser Sibani & Ajitha Eswaramangalam, 2023. "Epidemiological and Psychosocial Correlates of Cognitive, Emotional, and Social Deficits among Children and Adolescents in Oman: A Literature Review," Child Indicators Research, Springer;The International Society of Child Indicators (ISCI), vol. 16(2), pages 689-716, April.
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