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The Portuguese version of the European Deprivation Index: Development and association with all-cause mortality

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  • Ana Isabel Ribeiro
  • Ludivine Launay
  • Elodie Guillaume
  • Guy Launoy
  • Henrique Barros

Abstract

Socioeconomic inequalities are major health determinants. To monitor and understand them at local level, ecological indexes of socioeconomic deprivation constitute essential tools. In this study, we describe the development of the updated version of the European Deprivation Index for Portuguese small-areas (EDI-PT), describe its spatial distribution and evaluate its association with a general health indicator–all-cause mortality in the period 2009–2012. Using data from the 2011 European Union–Statistics on Income and Living Conditions Survey (EU-SILC), we obtained an indicator of individual deprivation. After identifying variables that were common to both the EU-SILC and the census, we used the indicator of individual deprivation to test if these variables were associated with individual-level deprivation, and to compute weights. Accordingly, eight variables were included. The EDI-PT was produced for the smallest area unit possible (n = 18084 census block groups, mean/area = 584 inhabitants) and resulted from the weighted sum of the eight selected variables. It was then categorized into quintiles (Q1-least deprived to Q5-most deprived). To estimate the association with mortality we fitted Bayesian spatial models. The EDI-PT was unevenly distributed across Portugal–most deprived areas concentrated in the South and in the inner North and Centre of the country, and the least deprived in the coastal North and Centre. The EDI-PT was positively and significantly associated with overall mortality, and this relation followed a rather clear dose-response relation of increasing mortality as deprivation increases (Relative Risk Q2 = 1.012, 95% Credible Interval 0.991–1.033; Q3 = 1.026, 1.004–1.048; Q4 = 1.053, 1.029–1.077; Q5 = 1.068, 1.042–1.095). Summing up, we updated the index of socioeconomic deprivation for Portuguese small-areas, and we showed that the EDI-PT constitutes a sensitive measure to capture health inequalities, since it was consistently associated with a key measure of population health/development, all-cause mortality. We strongly believe this updated version will be widely employed by social and medical researchers and regional planners.

Suggested Citation

  • Ana Isabel Ribeiro & Ludivine Launay & Elodie Guillaume & Guy Launoy & Henrique Barros, 2018. "The Portuguese version of the European Deprivation Index: Development and association with all-cause mortality," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(12), pages 1-13, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0208320
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208320
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    Cited by:

    1. Rocío Vela-Jiménez & Antonio Sianes, 2021. "Do Current Measures of Social Exclusion Depict the Multidimensional Challenges of Marginalized Urban Areas? Insights, Gaps and Future Research," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-16, July.
    2. Cláudia Costa & Paula Santana, 2021. "Gender and Age Differences in Socio‐economic Inequalities in Total and Avoidable Mortality in Portugal: A Trend Analysis," Fiscal Studies, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 42(1), pages 123-145, March.
    3. Claudia Costa & Angela Freitas & Ricardo Almendra & Paula Santana, 2020. "The Association between Material Deprivation and Avoidable Mortality in Lisbon, Portugal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-16, November.

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