IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/plo/pone00/0101491.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

World Trade Center Disaster Exposure-Related Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Responders and Civilians: A Meta-Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Bian Liu
  • Lukman H Tarigan
  • Evelyn J Bromet
  • Hyun Kim

Abstract

The World Trade Center (WTC) disaster on September 11, 2001 was an unprecedented traumatic event with long-lasting health consequences among the affected populations in the New York metropolitan area. This meta-analysis aimed to estimate the risk of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) associated with specific types of WTC exposures. Meta-analytical findings from 10 studies of 3,271 to 20,294 participants yielded 37 relevant associations. The pooled summary odds ratio (OR) was 2.05 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.82, 2.32), with substantial heterogeneity linked to exposure classification, cohort type, data source, PTSD assessment instrument/criteria, and lapse time since 9/11. In general, responders (e.g. police, firefighters, rescue/recovery workers and volunteers) had a lower probable PTSD risk (OR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.39, 1.87) compared to civilians (e.g. residents, office workers, and passersby; OR = 2.71, 95% CI: 2.35, 3.12). The differences in ORs between responders and civilians were larger for physical compared to psychosocial exposure types. We also found that injury, lost someone, and witnessed horror were the three (out of six) most pernicious exposures. These findings suggest that these three exposures should be a particular focus in psychological evaluation and treatment programs in WTC intervention and future emergency preparedness efforts.

Suggested Citation

  • Bian Liu & Lukman H Tarigan & Evelyn J Bromet & Hyun Kim, 2014. "World Trade Center Disaster Exposure-Related Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Responders and Civilians: A Meta-Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(7), pages 1-10, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0101491
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101491
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0101491
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0101491&type=printable
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1371/journal.pone.0101491?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Nair, H.P. & Ekenga, C.C. & Cone, J.E. & Brackbill, R.M. & Farfel, M.R. & Stellman, S.D., 2012. "Co-occurring lower respiratory symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder 5 to 6 years after the World Trade Center terrorist attack," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 102(10), pages 1964-1973.
    2. Corrigan, M. & McWilliams, R. & Kelly, K.J. & Niles, J. & Cammarata, C. & Jones, K. & Wartenberg, D. & Hallman, W.K. & Kipen, H.M. & Glass, L. & Schorr, J.K. & Feirstein, I. & Prezant, D.J., 2009. "A computerized, self-administered questionnaire to evaluate posttraumatic stress among firefighters after the World Trade Center collapse," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 99(S3), pages 702-709.
    3. Viechtbauer, Wolfgang, 2010. "Conducting Meta-Analyses in R with the metafor Package," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 36(i03).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Seetha Menon, 2023. "The effect of domestic violence on cardiovascular risk," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 21(2), pages 371-395, June.
    2. Hyun Kim & Navneet Kaur Baidwan & David Kriebel & Manuel Cifuentes & Sherry Baron, 2018. "Asthma among World Trade Center First Responders: A Qualitative Synthesis and Bias Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-14, May.
    3. Rebecca Rosen & Yongzhao Shao & Qiao Zhang & Jia Bao & Yian Zhang & Arjun Masurkar & Thomas Wisniewski & Nina Urban & Joan Reibman, 2022. "Cognitive Function among World Trade Center-Exposed Community Members with Mental Health Symptoms," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-13, March.
    4. Albeliz Santiago-Colón & Robert Daniels & Dori Reissman & Kristi Anderson & Geoffrey Calvert & Alexis Caplan & Tania Carreón & Alan Katruska & Travis Kubale & Ruiling Liu & Rhonda Nembhard & W. Allen , 2020. "World Trade Center Health Program: First Decade of Research," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-25, October.
    5. Robert D. Daniels & Sean A. P. Clouston & Charles B. Hall & Kristi R. Anderson & David A. Bennett & Evelyn J. Bromet & Geoffrey M. Calvert & Tania Carreón & Steven T. DeKosky & Erica D. Diminich & Cal, 2021. "A Workshop on Cognitive Aging and Impairment in the 9/11-Exposed Population," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-24, January.
    6. Gallagher, H. Colin & Block, Karen & Gibbs, Lisa & Forbes, David & Lusher, Dean & Molyneaux, Robyn & Richardson, John & Pattison, Philippa & MacDougall, Colin & Bryant, Richard A., 2019. "The effect of group involvement on post-disaster mental health: A longitudinal multilevel analysis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 167-175.
    7. Yin Ying Hsiao & Wei Hung Chang & I Chun Ma & Chen-Long Wu & Po See Chen & Yen Kuang Yang & Chih-Hao Lin, 2019. "Long-Term PTSD Risks in Emergency Medical Technicians Who Responded to the 2016 Taiwan Earthquake: A Six-Month Observational Follow-Up Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-12, December.
    8. Sarbjit Singh Johal & Zoe Rachel Mounsey, 2017. "Recovering from disaster: Comparing the experiences of nurses and general practitioners after the Canterbury, New Zealand earthquake sequence 2010–2011," Nursing & Health Sciences, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 19(1), pages 29-34, March.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Whitney S Beck & Ed K Hall, 2018. "Confounding factors in algal phosphorus limitation experiments," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(10), pages 1-19, October.
    2. Bart Verkuil & Serpil Atasayi & Marc L Molendijk, 2015. "Workplace Bullying and Mental Health: A Meta-Analysis on Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(8), pages 1-16, August.
    3. Francesca Pilotto & Ingolf Kühn & Rita Adrian & Renate Alber & Audrey Alignier & Christopher Andrews & Jaana Bäck & Luc Barbaro & Deborah Beaumont & Natalie Beenaerts & Sue Benham & David S. Boukal & , 2020. "Meta-analysis of multidecadal biodiversity trends in Europe," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 11(1), pages 1-11, December.
    4. repec:cup:judgdm:v:15:y:2020:i:6:p:972-988 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Jonas Schmidt & Tammo H. A. Bijmolt, 2020. "Accurately measuring willingness to pay for consumer goods: a meta-analysis of the hypothetical bias," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Springer, vol. 48(3), pages 499-518, May.
    6. Mario Herberz & Tobias Brosch & Ulf J. J. Hahnel, 2020. "Kilo what? Default units increase value sensitivity in joint evaluations of energy efficiency," Judgment and Decision Making, Society for Judgment and Decision Making, vol. 15(6), pages 972-988, November.
    7. Piers Steel & Sjoerd Beugelsdijk & Herman Aguinis, 2021. "The anatomy of an award-winning meta-analysis: Recommendations for authors, reviewers, and readers of meta-analytic reviews," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 52(1), pages 23-44, February.
    8. Augusteijn, Hilde Elisabeth Maria & van Aert, Robbie Cornelis Maria & van Assen, Marcel A. L. M., 2021. "Posterior Probabilities of Effect Sizes and Heterogeneity in Meta-Analysis: An Intuitive Approach of Dealing with Publication Bias," OSF Preprints avkgj, Center for Open Science.
    9. Georgiou, George K. & Guo, Kan & Naveenkumar, Nithya & Vieira, Ana Paula Alves & Das, J.P., 2020. "PASS theory of intelligence and academic achievement: A meta-analytic review," Intelligence, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    10. Geller, Susann & Wilhelm, Oliver & Wacker, Jan & Hamm, Alfons & Hildebrandt, Andrea, 2017. "Associations of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism with working memory and intelligence – A review and meta-analysis," Intelligence, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 75-92.
    11. Gignac, Gilles E. & Bates, Timothy C., 2017. "Brain volume and intelligence: The moderating role of intelligence measurement quality," Intelligence, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 18-29.
    12. Stephan Kambach & Ingolf Kühn & Bastien Castagneyrol & Helge Bruelheide, 2016. "The Impact of Tree Diversity on Different Aspects of Insect Herbivory along a Global Temperature Gradient - A Meta-Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(11), pages 1-14, November.
    13. repec:cup:judgdm:v:14:y:2019:i:3:p:234-279 is not listed on IDEAS
    14. Senlin Zhou & Yunpeng Wu & Xizheng Xu, 2023. "Linking Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression to Mindfulness: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-16, January.
    15. Mahesh Shumsher Rughooputh & Rui Zeng & Ying Yao, 2015. "Protein Diet Restriction Slows Chronic Kidney Disease Progression in Non-Diabetic and in Type 1 Diabetic Patients, but Not in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials ," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(12), pages 1-17, December.
    16. de la Cruz, Vera Ysabel V. & Tantriani, & Cheng, Weiguo & Tawaraya, Keitaro, 2023. "Yield gap between organic and conventional farming systems across climate types and sub-types: A meta-analysis," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    17. Christopher Winchester & Kelsey E. Medeiros, 2023. "In Bounds but Out of the Box: A Meta-Analysis Clarifying the Effect of Ethicality on Creativity," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 183(3), pages 713-743, March.
    18. Kelly R Moran & Sara Y Del Valle, 2016. "A Meta-Analysis of the Association between Gender and Protective Behaviors in Response to Respiratory Epidemics and Pandemics," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(10), pages 1-25, October.
    19. Cyrielle Maroteau & Antonio Espuela-Ortiz & Esther Herrera-Luis & Sundararajan Srinivasan & Fiona Carr & Roger Tavendale & Karen Wilson & Natalia Hernandez-Pacheco & James D Chalmers & Steve Turner & , 2021. "LTA4H rs2660845 association with montelukast response in early and late-onset asthma," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(9), pages 1-17, September.
    20. Liam S. Oliver & John P. Sullivan & Suzanna Russell & Jonathan M. Peake & Mitchell Nicholson & Craig McNulty & Vincent G. Kelly, 2021. "Effects of Nutritional Interventions on Accuracy and Reaction Time with Relevance to Mental Fatigue in Sporting, Military, and Aerospace Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-21, December.
    21. Barne Willie & Emma L. Sweeney & Steven G. Badman & Mark Chatfield & Andrew J. Vallely & Angela Kelly-Hanku & David M. Whiley, 2022. "The Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Papua New Guinea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-11, January.
    22. Sandra Feijóo & Raquel Rodríguez-Fernández, 2021. "A Meta-Analytical Review of Gender-Based School Bullying in Spain," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-13, December.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0101491. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: plosone (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.