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Effect of Retirement on Alcohol Consumption: Longitudinal Evidence from the French Gazel Cohort Study

Author

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  • Marie Zins
  • Alice Guéguen
  • Mika Kivimaki
  • Archana Singh-Manoux
  • Annette Leclerc
  • Jussi Vahtera
  • Hugo Westerlund
  • Jane E Ferrie
  • Marcel Goldberg

Abstract

Background: Little is known about the effect of retirement on alcohol consumption. The objectives were to examine changes in alcohol consumption following retirement, and whether these patterns differ by gender and socioeconomic status. Methods and Findings: We assessed alcohol consumption annually from 5 years before to 5 years after retirement among 10,023 men and 2,361 women of the French Gazel study. Data were analyzed separately for men and women, using repeated-measures logistic regression analysis with generalized estimating equations. Five years prior to retirement, the prevalence of heavy drinking was about 16% among men, and not patterned by socioeconomic status. Among women, this prevalence was 19.5% in managers, 14.7% in intermediate occupations, and 12.8% in clerical workers. Around retirement, the estimated prevalence of heavy drinking increased in both sexes. In men, this increase was 3.1 percentage points for managers, 3.2 in intermediate occupations, 4.6 in clerical workers, and 1.3 in manual workers. In women, this increase was 6.6 percentage points among managers, 4.3 in intermediate occupations, and 3.3 among clerical workers. In men the increase around retirement was followed by a decrease over the following four years, not significant among manual workers; among women such a decrease was also observed in the non-managerial occupations. It is difficult to assess the extent to which the results observed in this cohort would hold for other working populations, other conditions of employment, or in other cultural settings. A plausible explanation for the increase in heavy drinking around retirement could be that increased leisure time after retirement provides more opportunities for drinking, and not having to work during the day after may decrease constraints on drinking. Conclusions: Our findings of increased consumption around retirement suggest that information about negative effects of alcohol consumption should be included in pre-retirement planning programs.

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  • Marie Zins & Alice Guéguen & Mika Kivimaki & Archana Singh-Manoux & Annette Leclerc & Jussi Vahtera & Hugo Westerlund & Jane E Ferrie & Marcel Goldberg, 2011. "Effect of Retirement on Alcohol Consumption: Longitudinal Evidence from the French Gazel Cohort Study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(10), pages 1-8, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0026531
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026531
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Alan D. Lopez & Colin D. Mathers & Majid Ezzati & Dean T. Jamison & Christopher J. L. Murray, 2006. "Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 7039, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Sara L Tamers & Cassandra Okechukwu & Alex A Bohl & Alice Guéguen & Marcel Goldberg & Marie Zins, 2014. "The Impact of Stressful Life Events on Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the French Population: Findings from the GAZEL Cohort Study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(1), pages 1-8, January.
    2. Müller, Tobias & Shaikh, Mujaheed, 2018. "Your retirement and my health behavior: Evidence on retirement externalities from a fuzzy regression discontinuity design," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 45-59.
    3. N. Barban & X. de Luna & E. Lundholm & I. Svensson & F. C. Billari, 2020. "Causal Effects of the Timing of Life-course Events: Age at Retirement and Subsequent Health," Sociological Methods & Research, , vol. 49(1), pages 216-249, February.
    4. Silvia Stringhini & Brenda Spencer & Pedro Marques-Vidal & Gerard Waeber & Peter Vollenweider & Fred Paccaud & Pascal Bovet, 2012. "Age and Gender Differences in the Social Patterning of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Switzerland: The CoLaus Study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(11), pages 1-9, November.
    5. Hideki HASHIMOTO, 2015. "Impacts of Leaving Paid Work on Health, Functions, and Lifestyle Behavior: Evidence from JSTAR panel data," Discussion papers 15114, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
    6. Clémentine Garrouste & Elsa Perdrix, 2022. "Is there a consensus on the health consequences of retirement? A literature review," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(4), pages 841-879, September.
    7. Diane E. Bailey, 2022. "Emerging Technologies at Work: Policy Ideas to Address Negative Consequences for Work, Workers, and Society," ILR Review, Cornell University, ILR School, vol. 75(3), pages 527-551, May.
    8. de Grip, Andries & Dupuy, Arnaud & Jolles, Jelle & van Boxtel, Martin, 2015. "Retirement and cognitive development in the Netherlands: Are the retired really inactive?," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 19(C), pages 157-169.
    9. Xiaopiao Wen & Yuan Liang & Jiang Zhu & Tangchun Wu, 2013. "The Effects of Housework on the Health of Retired Older Adults: A Preliminary Investigation from the Tongji-Dongfeng Cohort Study, China," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(3), pages 1-6, March.

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