IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/pid/journl/v27y1988i4p678-686.html

Investment and Inequality in Pakistan's Education Sector

Author

Listed:
  • KHWAJA SARMAD

    (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad)

  • FAZAL HUSAIN

    (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad)

  • G. M. ZAHID

    (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.)

Abstract

In this paper we present arguments for increasing expenditure on the education sector. We show that there exist large inequalities in the distribution of education servicesacross regions and across genders so that ensuring equal opportunity for all in education, either for normative or economic reasons, will require large additional investments in this sector. Wealso present evidence which showsthat while the rate of return to education in the country may not be high it has been increasing over time, so that higher expenditure on the education sector is also economically justifiable. Enrollments at all levels have been increasing over time, along with household and institutional expenditure on the education sector, which suggestsa greater willingness to invest in education. If the productivity of education is low then it would be natural to expect a decline over time in the willingnessof the people and the government to bear the costs of education. But first, we examine the evidence about the increasing unemployment of educated labour and show that this does not mean that there is an economic surplus of education in the country, nor that the education sector is overextended, but that it can be explained by 'search time'.

Suggested Citation

  • Khwaja Sarmad & Fazal Husain & G. M. Zahid, 1988. "Investment and Inequality in Pakistan's Education Sector," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 27(4), pages 678-686.
    • Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:27:y:1988:i:4:p:678-686
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1988/Volume4/678-686.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Guisinger, Stephen E. & Henderson, James W. & Scully, Gerald W., 1984. "Earnings, rates of return to education and the earnings distribution in Pakistan," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 3(4), pages 257-267, August.
    2. Shahrukh Rafi Khan & Syed Zahid Ali, 1986. "Some Findings about the Unemployed Highly Educated Persons in Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 25(4), pages 731-739.
    3. Khalil A. Hamdani, 1977. "Education and the Income Differential. An Estimation for Rawalpindi City," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 16(2), pages 144-164.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Muhammad Ayoob Sheikh & Zareen Abbassi, 2007. "Educational Approach To Character Building : A Paradigm Shift," IBT Journal of Business Studies (JBS), Ilma University, Faculty of Management Science, vol. 3(2), pages 3-7.
    2. Zafar Mueen Nasir & Hina Nazli, 2000. "Education And Earnings In Pakistan," PIDE-Working Papers 2000:177, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
    3. Tayyeb Shabbir, 1991. "Sheepskin Effects in the Returns to Education in a Developing Country," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 30(1), pages 1-19.
    4. Khwaja Sarmad & Fazal Husain & G. M. Zahid, 1989. "The Education Sector in Pakistan," PIDE Research Report 1989:1, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
    5. Muhammad Ayoob Sheikh & Zareen Abbassi, 2007. "Educational Approach To Character Building : A Paradigm Shift," IBT Journal of Business Studies (JBS), Ilma University, Faculty of Management Science, vol. 3(2), pages 105-109.
    6. Javed Ashraf, 2011. "New Evidence On Rates Of Return To Education In Pakistan," Global Journal of Business Research, The Institute for Business and Finance Research, vol. 5(3), pages 113-120.
    7. Henna Ahsan, 2025. "A Brief Review of the Literature on HEC and Higher Education in Pakistan," PIDE-Working Papers 2025:1, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
    8. Ather Maqsood Ahmed & Ismail Sirageldin, 1993. "Socio-economic Determinants of Labour Mobility in Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 32(2), pages 139-157.
    9. Khwaja Sarmad & Fazal Husain & G. M. Zahid, 1989. "The Education Sector in Pakistan," PIDE-Working Papers 1989:156, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
    10. Zafar Mueen Nasir, 1998. "Determinants of Personal Earnings in Pakistan: Findings from the Labour Force Survey 1993-94," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 37(3), pages 251-274.
    11. Adams, Richard H., Jr., 1991. "The effects of international remittances on poverty, inequality, and development in rural Egypt," Research reports 86, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    12. Zafar Mueen Nasir & Riaz Mahmood, 1998. "Personal Earnings Inequality in Pakistan: Findings from the HIES 1993-94," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 37(4), pages 781-792.
    13. Muhammad Nauman Malik & Masood Sarwar Awan, 2016. "Analysing Econometric Bias and Non-linearity in Returns to Education of Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 55(4), pages 837-851.
    14. Khalid Mehmood & Masood Sarwar Awan & Muhammad Ishfaq & Muhammad Nauman Malik & Tariq Mehmood, 2024. "Personal Earnings in Pakistan: Role of Information Communication Technology (ICT) and Livelihood Diversification," Journal of Economic Impact, Science Impact Publishers, vol. 6(1), pages 100-105.
    15. Madeeha Gohar Qureshi, 2012. "The Gender Differences in School Enrolment and Returns to Education in Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 51(3), pages 219-256.
    16. G. M. Arif & Najam US Saqib & G. M. Zahid, 1999. "Poverty, Gender, and Primary School Enrolment in Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 38(4), pages 979-992.
    17. Zafar Mueen Nasir, 2002. "Returns to Human Capital in Pakistan: A Gender Disaggregated Analysis," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 41(1), pages 1-28.
    18. Monazza Aslam, 2006. "Rates of Return to Education by Gender in Pakistan," Economics Series Working Papers GPRG-WPS-064, University of Oxford, Department of Economics.
    19. Abid Aman Burki & Qaisar Abbas, 1991. "Earnings Functions in Pakistan's Urban Informal Sector: A Case Study," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 30(4), pages 695-706.
    20. Ahsan, Henna & Idrees, Dr Muhammad, 2014. "Impact of Health on Earnings: Individual and District Level Analysis for Pakistan," MPRA Paper 56769, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 20 Jun 2014.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:27:y:1988:i:4:p:678-686. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Khurram Iqbal (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/pideipk.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.