IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v17y2025i6p2368-d1607921.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

An Examination of the Emissions, Cost, and Time of Intermodal Transportation

Author

Listed:
  • Kubilay Bayramoğlu

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, Turkey)

  • Şaban Çelikoğlu

    (Department of Social Studies Education, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67300, Turkey)

  • İshak Turan

    (Department of International Relations, Yalova University, Yalova 77200, Turkey)

Abstract

Deciding on appropriate transport modes is critical in terms of emissions, time, and cost. However, transport routes do not always allow for the selection of the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly modes of transport. Therefore, various modes of transportation must be used together to overcome these constraints. This study investigates the use of a combination of different transportation modes in container transport from Filyos in Turkey to Vienna. Constanța has been selected as the trans-shipment port on the transport route, and three distinct modes of transport have been used from Constanța to Vienna, including road, rail, and riverway. As a result of this study, the fuel consumption, CO 2 emissions, time, and cost for each intermodal transport type were evaluated comparatively. Although seaway transportation is advantageous in terms of emissions, cost, and fuel consumption, it is determined that road transport is more beneficial in terms of time. The maximum and minimum CO 2 emissions were calculated to be 2,107,124 tonnes and 365.6 tonnes for roadway and seaway transportation, respectively.

Suggested Citation

  • Kubilay Bayramoğlu & Şaban Çelikoğlu & İshak Turan, 2025. "An Examination of the Emissions, Cost, and Time of Intermodal Transportation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-16, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:6:p:2368-:d:1607921
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/6/2368/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/6/2368/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wu, Tian & Shen, Qu & Xu, Ming & Peng, Tianduo & Ou, Xunmin, 2018. "Development and application of an energy use and CO2 emissions reduction evaluation model for China's online car hailing services," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 298-307.
    2. Maria Rosaria De Blasiis & Chiara Ferrante & Fulvio Palmieri & Valerio Veraldi, 2022. "Coupling Virtual Reality Simulator with Instantaneous Emission Model: A New Method for Estimating Road Traffic Emissions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-13, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Chen, Xiao & Wu, Tian & Zheng, Rui & Guo, Xiaoxian, 2018. "How vehicle market is segmented and influenced by subsidy policy: A theoretical study," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 776-782.
    2. Zhao, Yang & Jiang, Ziyue & Chen, Xinyu & Liu, Peng & Peng, Tianduo & Shu, Zhan, 2023. "Toward environmental sustainability: data-driven analysis of energy use patterns and load profiles for urban electric vehicle fleets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    3. Shi, Zhiwei & Tian, Xinghua & Peng, Qingguo & Huang, Zhixin & Teng, Peng & Yin, Ruixue, 2025. "Effects analysis of hydrogen production from methanol reforming of dual-U reactor for fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 318(C).
    4. Zhang, Zhiqing & Dong, Rui & Tan, Dongli & Duan, Lin & Jiang, Feng & Yao, Xiaoxue & Yang, Dixin & Hu, Jingyi & Zhang, Jian & Zhong, Weihuang & Zhao, Ziheng, 2023. "Effect of structural parameters on diesel particulate filter trapping performance of heavy-duty diesel engines based on grey correlation analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    5. Zhang, Zhiqing & Li, Jiangtao & Tian, Jie & Dong, Rui & Zou, Zhi & Gao, Sheng & Tan, Dongli, 2022. "Performance, combustion and emission characteristics investigations on a diesel engine fueled with diesel/ ethanol /n-butanol blends," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    6. Zhang, Zhiqing & Zhong, Weihuang & Mao, Chengfang & Xu, Yuejiang & Lu, Kai & Ye, Yanshuai & Guan, Wei & Pan, Mingzhang & Tan, Dongli, 2024. "Multi-objective optimization of Fe-based SCR catalyst on the NOx conversion efficiency for a diesel engine based on FGRA-ANN/RF," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    7. Ma, Ying & Yang, Heng & Zuo, Hongyan & Ma, Yi & Zuo, Qingsong & Chen, Ying & He, Xiaoxiang & Wei, Rongrong, 2023. "Three-dimensional EG@MOF matrix composite phase change materials for high efficiency battery cooling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
    8. Isabella Yunfei Zeng & Jingrui Chen & Ziheng Niu & Qingfei Liu & Tian Wu, 2022. "The GHG Emissions Assessment of Online Car-Hailing Development under the Intervention of Evaluation Policies in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-25, February.
    9. Zhang, Zhiqing & Lv, Junshuai & Xie, Guanglin & Wang, Su & Ye, Yanshuai & Huang, Gaohua & Tan, Donlgi, 2022. "Effect of assisted hydrogen on combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PA).
    10. Guan, Wei & Gu, Jinkai & Pan, Xiubin & Pan, Mingzhang & Wang, Xinyan & Zhao, Hua & Tan, Dongli & Fu, Changcheng & Pedrozo, Vinícius B. & Zhang, Zhiqing, 2024. "Improvement of the light-load combustion control strategy for a heavy-duty diesel engine fueled with diesel/methonal by RSM-NSGA III," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 297(C).
    11. Kang, Zhuang & Peng, Qingguo & Yin, Ruixue & Yao, Zhengmin & Song, Yangyang & He, Biao, 2024. "Investigation of multifactorial effects on the thermal performance of battery pack inserted with multi-layer phase change materials," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    12. Zhang, Zhiqing & Hu, Jingyi & Yang, Dayong & Yin, Zibin & Lu, Kai & Tan, Dongli, 2024. "A comprehensive assessment over the environmental impact and combustion efficiency of using ammonia/ hydrogen/diesel blends in a diesel engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 303(C).
    13. Li, Yuqiang & Lin, Shoulong & Huang, Long & Liu, Jiangwei, 2024. "A skeletal chemical reaction mechanism for gasoline-ABE blends combustion in internal combustion engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).
    14. Zhang, Qianxiang & Lin, Boqiang, 2024. "The effect of energy efficiency retrofits on radical innovation: From the perspective of supply chain," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 311(C).
    15. E, Shengxin & Cui, Yaxin & Liu, Yuxian & Yin, Huichun, 2023. "Effects of the different phase change materials on heat dissipation performances of the ternary polymer Li-ion battery pack in hot climate," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    16. Ma, Wenyao & Gao, Sheng & Liu, Hui & Li, Dongmei, 2024. "The improvements of a diesel engine fueled with renewable and sustainable diesel/n-butanol/polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers blended fuels at high altitudes," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    17. Peng, Qingguo & Ye, Jiahao & Kang, Zhuang, 2024. "Optimization of diesel oxidation catalyst for enhanced emission reduction in engines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    18. Tan, Dongli & Li, Dongmei & Wang, Su & Zhang, Zhiqing & Tian, Jie & Li, Jiangtao & Lv, Junshuai & Zheng, Wenling & Ye, Yanshuai, 2023. "Evaluation and optimization of hydrogen addition on the performance and emission for biodiesel dual-fuel engines with different blend ratios based on the response surface method," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    19. Wu, Tian & Zhang, Mengbo & Tian, Xin & Wang, Shouyang & Hua, Guowei, 2020. "Spatial differentiation and network externality in pricing mechanism of online car hailing platform," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 219(C), pages 275-283.
    20. Zhang, Zhiqing & Wang, Su & Pan, Mingzhang & Lv, Junshuai & Lu, Kai & Ye, Yanshuai & Tan, Dongli, 2024. "Utilization of hydrogen-diesel blends for the improvements of a dual-fuel engine based on the improved Taguchi methodology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:6:p:2368-:d:1607921. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.