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A Review of Distributed Energy Systems: Technologies, Classification, and Applications

Author

Listed:
  • Qun Cheng

    (School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China)

  • Zhaonan Zhang

    (School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China)

  • Yanwei Wang

    (School of Economics and Management, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China
    Guangdong ATV College of Performing Arts, Dongguan 523710, China)

  • Lidong Zhang

    (School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China)

Abstract

Climate change is worsening across the region, exacerbating the energy crisis, while traditional centralized energy systems struggle to meet people’s needs. Globally, countries are actively responding to this dual challenge of climate change and energy demand. In September 2020, China introduced a dual carbon target of “Carbon peak and carbon neutrality”. Since then, it has consistently encouraged and supported innovative research on carbon reduction and energy conservation through its resource policies. Distributed energy systems (DESs) are gaining favor in various countries due to their promising applications in energy and environmental realms, particularly in light of current imperatives for energy conservation, emission reduction, and relevant policies. This paper provides a retrospective analysis of recent research and applications of DESs, conducts a systematic classification and statistical overview of DES implementations, and offers insightful recommendations and future prospects for the advancement of DESs.

Suggested Citation

  • Qun Cheng & Zhaonan Zhang & Yanwei Wang & Lidong Zhang, 2025. "A Review of Distributed Energy Systems: Technologies, Classification, and Applications," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-31, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:4:p:1346-:d:1585558
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    2. Janaína Barbosa Almada & Fernando Lessa Tofoli & Raquel Cristina Filiagi Gregory & Raimundo Furtado Sampaio & Lucas Sampaio Melo & Ruth Pastôra Saraiva Leão, 2025. "Distributed Multi-Agent Energy Management for Microgrids in a Co-Simulation Framework," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-32, August.
    3. Hélio Marcos André Antunes & Ramon Ravani Del Piero & Sidelmo Magalhães Silva, 2025. "Application of Repetitive Control to Grid-Forming Converters in Centralized AC Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-27, June.

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