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Application of Repetitive Control to Grid-Forming Converters in Centralized AC Microgrids

Author

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  • Hélio Marcos André Antunes

    (Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Vitória 29075-910, ES, Brazil
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Ramon Ravani Del Piero

    (Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Vitória 29075-910, ES, Brazil
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Sidelmo Magalhães Silva

    (Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

The electrical grid is undergoing increasing integration of decentralized power sources connected to the low-voltage network. In this context, the concept of a microgrid has emerged as a system comprising small-scale energy sources, loads, and storage devices, coordinated to operate as a single controllable entity capable of functioning in either grid-connected or islanded mode. The microgrid may be organized in a centralized configuration, such as a master-slave scheme, wherein the centralized converter, i.e., the grid-forming converter (GFC), plays a pivotal role in ensuring system stability and control. This paper introduces a plug-in repetitive controller (RC) strategy tuned to even harmonic orders for application in a three-phase GFC, diverging from the conventional approach that focuses on odd harmonics. The proposed control is designed within a synchronous reference frame and is targeted at centralized AC microgrids, particularly during islanded operation. Simulation results are presented to assess the microgrid’s power flow and power quality, thereby evaluating the performance of the GFC. Additionally, the proposed control was implemented on a Texas Instruments TMS320F28335 digital signal processor and validated through hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation using the Typhoon HIL 600 platform, considering multiple scenarios with both linear and nonlinear loads. The main results highlight that the RC improves voltage regulation, mitigates harmonic distortion, and increases power delivery capability, thus validating its effectiveness for GFC operation.

Suggested Citation

  • Hélio Marcos André Antunes & Ramon Ravani Del Piero & Sidelmo Magalhães Silva, 2025. "Application of Repetitive Control to Grid-Forming Converters in Centralized AC Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-27, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:13:p:3427-:d:1690840
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Qun Cheng & Zhaonan Zhang & Yanwei Wang & Lidong Zhang, 2025. "A Review of Distributed Energy Systems: Technologies, Classification, and Applications," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-31, February.
    2. Wang, Jing & Pratt, Annabelle & Prabakar, Kumaraguru & Miller, Brian & Symko-Davies, Martha, 2021. "Development of an integrated platform for hardware-in-the-loop evaluation of microgrids prior to site commissioning," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    3. Paweł Kelm & Irena Wasiak & Rozmysław Mieński & Andrzej Wędzik & Michał Szypowski & Ryszard Pawełek & Krzysztof Szaniawski, 2022. "Hardware-in-the-Loop Validation of an Energy Management System for LV Distribution Networks with Renewable Energy Sources," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-18, April.
    4. Younghoon Cho & Byeng-Joo Byen & Han-Sol Lee & Kwan-Yuhl Cho, 2017. "A Single-Loop Repetitive Voltage Controller with an Active Damping Control Technique," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-13, May.
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