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Determining Indoor Parameters for Thermal Comfort and Energy Saving in Shopping Malls in Summer: A Field Study in China

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  • Wenjing Xu

    (School of Economics and Management, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China)

  • Qiong He

    (School of Economics and Management, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China)

  • Chenghao Hua

    (School of Economics and Management, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China)

  • Yufei Zhao

    (School of Economics and Management, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China)

Abstract

Local data about indoor thermal comfort are in short supply, which are always different from the predicted results produced by models shown in previous studies. Shopping malls that consume substantial energy need to save energy, provided that thermal comfort is maintained. Therefore, this research investigated indoor thermal comfort using field measurements and questionnaires in a typical shopping mall in Danyang, China, with a hot summer and cold winter climate in order to explore local demands and energy-saving potential. The findings are as follows: (1) The average air temperature ( T a ) and operative temperature ( T o p ) are 26.7 °C and 26.4 °C, which implies a minor influence from radiation and other factors on T a . Women are more sensitive to changes in outdoor temperature since clothing insulation ( I c l ) varies by gender: 0.31 clo and 0.36 clo for male and female individuals, respectively. (2) The thermal neutral temperature (TNT) derived from the thermal sensation vote (TSV) is 25.26 °C, which is significantly higher than the 21.77 °C obtained from the predicted mean vote (PMV) model. (3) There is a wide range of acceptable temperatures for thermal comfort because the highest temperature was identified by the thermal comfort vote (TCV) at 27.55 °C, followed closely by 27.48 °C, 26.78 °C, and 25.32 °C, which were separately derived from the thermal acceptance vote (TAV), TSV, and predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) people; these were based on an upper limit of the acceptable 80% range. (4) In total, 94.85% of respondents accepted the indoor air quality, although the median concentration of CO 2 was 772 ppm, and the neutral relative humidity level was 70.60%. Meanwhile, there is an important relationship between air quality satisfaction and operative temperature; thus, the temperature (26.93 °C) with peak satisfaction can enhance air quality perception and thermal comfort. (5) The energy savings that can be achieved are 25.77% and 9.12% at most based on acceptable thermal comfort compared with baseline energy consumption at 23 °C and 26 °C, respectively.

Suggested Citation

  • Wenjing Xu & Qiong He & Chenghao Hua & Yufei Zhao, 2025. "Determining Indoor Parameters for Thermal Comfort and Energy Saving in Shopping Malls in Summer: A Field Study in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-25, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:11:p:4876-:d:1664676
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yao, Runming & Liu, Jing & Li, Baizhan, 2010. "Occupants' adaptive responses and perception of thermal environment in naturally conditioned university classrooms," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(3), pages 1015-1022, March.
    2. Zheng, Guozhong & Wei, Changqing & Li, Kang, 2022. "Determining the summer indoor design parameters for pensioners’ buildings based on the thermal requirements of elderly people at different ages," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    3. Chebat, Jean-Charles & Michon, Richard, 2003. "Impact of ambient odors on mall shoppers' emotions, cognition, and spending: A test of competitive causal theories," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 56(7), pages 529-539, July.
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