A Time Series Prediction Model for Wind Power Based on the Empirical Mode Decomposition–Convolutional Neural Network–Three-Dimensional Gated Neural Network

In response to the global challenge of climate change and the shift away from fossil fuels, the accurate prediction of wind power generation is crucial for optimizing grid operations and managing energy storage. This study introduces a novel approach by integrating the proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control theory into wind power forecasting, employing a three-dimensional gated neural (TGN) unit designed to enhance error feedback mechanisms. The proposed empirical mode decomposition (EMD)–convolutional neural network (CNN)–three-dimensional gated neural network (TGNN) framework starts with the pre-processing of wind data using EMD, followed by feature extraction via a CNN, and time series forecasting using the TGN unit. This setup leverages proportional, integral, and differential control within its architecture to improve adaptability and response to dynamic wind patterns. The experimental results show significant improvements in forecasting accuracy; the EMD–CNN–TGNN model outperforms both traditional models like autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and support vector regression (SVR), and similar neural network approaches, such as EMD–CNN–GRU and EMD–CNN–LSTM, across several metrics including mean absolute error (MAE), mean squared error (MSE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination ( R 2 ). These advancements substantiate the model’s effectiveness in enhancing the precision of wind power predictions, offering substantial implications for future renewable energy management and storage solutions.