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Towards Carbon Neutrality: Machine Learning Analysis of Vehicle Emissions in Canada

Author

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  • Xiaoxu Guo

    (Queen’s Business School, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5EE, UK)

  • Ruibing Kou

    (School of Design and Art, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China)

  • Xiang He

    (School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK)

Abstract

The transportation sector is a major contributor to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions in Canada, making the accurate forecasting of CO 2 emissions critical as part of the global push toward carbon neutrality. This study employs interpretable machine learning techniques to predict vehicle CO 2 emissions in Canada from 1995 to 2022. Algorithms including K-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Regression, Gradient Boosting Machine, Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Lasso Regression were utilized. The Gradient Boosting Machine delivered the best performance, achieving the highest R-squared value (0.9973) and the lowest Root Mean Squared Error (3.3633). To enhance the model interpretability, the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and Accumulated Local Effects methods were used to identify key contributing factors, including fuel consumption (city/highway), ethanol (E85), and diesel. These findings provide critical insights for policymakers, underscoring the need for promoting renewable energy, tightening fuel emission standards, and decoupling carbon emissions from economic growth to foster sustainable development. This study contributes to broader discussions on achieving carbon neutrality and the necessary transformations within the transportation sector.

Suggested Citation

  • Xiaoxu Guo & Ruibing Kou & Xiang He, 2024. "Towards Carbon Neutrality: Machine Learning Analysis of Vehicle Emissions in Canada," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-18, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:23:p:10526-:d:1533734
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    Cited by:

    1. Dong Yuan & Long Tang & Xueyuan Yang & Fanqin Xu & Kailong Liu, 2025. "Explainable Machine Learning Prediction of Vehicle CO 2 Emissions for Sustainable Energy and Transport," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-21, October.

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