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Potential Sites for Rainwater Harvesting Focusing on the Sustainable Development Goals Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System

Author

Listed:
  • Sadiq Ullah

    (Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Punjab, Pakistan)

  • Mudassar Iqbal

    (Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Punjab, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Waseem

    (Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Punjab, Pakistan
    National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
    Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
    College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

  • Adnan Abbas

    (School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China)

  • Muhammad Masood

    (Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Punjab, Pakistan)

  • Ghulam Nabi

    (Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Punjab, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq

    (Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Punjab, Pakistan
    Faculty of Science and Technology, Engineering, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0810, Australia)

  • Muhammad Sadam

    (College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China)

Abstract

An innovative way to combat water scarcity brought on by population increase and climate change is rainwater harvesting (RWH), particularly in arid and semiarid areas. Currently, Pakistan is facing major water issues due to underprivileged water resource management, climate change, land use changes, and the sustainability of local water resources. This research aims to find out the suitable sites and options for RWH structures in the Quetta district of Pakistan by integrating the depression depth technique, Boolean analysis, and weighted linear combination (WLC) with hydrological modeling (HM), multicriteria analysis (MCA), a geographic information system (GIS), and remote sensing (RS). To find suitable sites for RWH, a collection of twelve (12) thematic layers were used, including the slope (SL), land use land cover (LULC), subarea (SA), runoff depth (RD), drainage density (DD), lineament density (LD), infiltration number (IFN), distance from built-up area (DB), distance from roads (DR), distance from lakes (DL), maximum flow distance (MFD), and topographic wetness index (TWI). The Boolean analysis and WLC approach were integrated in the GIS environment. The consistency ratio (CR) was calculated to make sure the assigned weights to thematic layers were consistent. Overall, results show that 6.36% (167.418 km 2 ), 14.34% (377.284 km 2 ), 16.36% (430.444 km 2 ), 18.92% (497.663 km 2 ), and 18.64% (490.224 km 2 ) of the area are in the categories of very high, high, moderate, low, and very low suitability, respectively, for RWH. RWH potential is restricted to 25.35% (666.86 km 2 ) of the area. This research also identifies the five (5) best locations for checking dams and the ten (10) best locations for percolation tanks on the streams. The conducted suitability analysis will assist stakeholders in selecting the optimal locations for RWH structures, facilitating the storage of water, and addressing the severe water scarcity prevalent in the area. This study proposes a novel approach to handle the problems of water shortage in conjunction with environmental and socioeconomic pressures in order to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Suggested Citation

  • Sadiq Ullah & Mudassar Iqbal & Muhammad Waseem & Adnan Abbas & Muhammad Masood & Ghulam Nabi & Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq & Muhammad Sadam, 2024. "Potential Sites for Rainwater Harvesting Focusing on the Sustainable Development Goals Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-23, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:21:p:9266-:d:1506336
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kuldeep Tiwari & Rohit Goyal & Archana Sarkar, 2018. "GIS-based Methodology for Identification of Suitable Locations for Rainwater Harvesting Structures," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 32(5), pages 1811-1825, March.
    2. Saaty, Thomas L., 1990. "How to make a decision: The analytic hierarchy process," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 9-26, September.
    3. Ajaykumar Kadam & Sanjay Kale & Nagesh Pande & N. Pawar & R. Sankhua, 2012. "Identifying Potential Rainwater Harvesting Sites of a Semi-arid, Basaltic Region of Western India, Using SCS-CN Method," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 26(9), pages 2537-2554, July.
    4. J. Pachpute & S. Tumbo & H. Sally & M. Mul, 2009. "Sustainability of Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Rural Catchment of Sub-Saharan Africa," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 23(13), pages 2815-2839, October.
    5. Yoram Wind & Thomas L. Saaty, 1980. "Marketing Applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 26(7), pages 641-658, July.
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    1. Asim Qayyum Butt & Donghui Shangguan & Muhammad Waseem & Adnan Abbas & Abhishek Banerjee & Nilesh Yadav, 2025. "Assessment of Hydropower Potential in the Upper Indus Basin: A Geographic Information System-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for Sustainable Water Resources in Pakistan," Resources, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-23, March.

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