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Reconstruction of Surface Seawater pH in the North Pacific

Author

Listed:
  • Jie Wang

    (College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
    Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Estuarine and Oceanographic Mapping, Shanghai 201306, China)

  • Peiling Yao

    (College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China)

  • Jiaming Liu

    (College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China)

  • Xun Wang

    (College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China)

  • Jingjing Mao

    (College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China)

  • Jiayuan Xu

    (College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China)

  • Jiarui Wang

    (College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China)

Abstract

In the recent significant rise in atmospheric CO 2 , seawater’s continuous acidification is altering the marine environment’s chemical structure at an unprecedented rate. Due to its potential socioeconomic impact, this subject attracted significant research interest. This study used traditional linear regression, nonlinear regression random forest, and the BP neural network algorithm to establish a prediction model for surface seawater pH based on data of North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST), salinity (SSS), chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), and pressure of carbon dioxide on the sea surface (pCO 2 ) from 1993 to 2018. According to existing research, three approaches were found to be highly accurate in reconstructing the surface seawater pH of the North Pacific. The highest-performing models were the linear regression model using SSS, Chl-a, and pCO 2 , the random forest model using SST and pCO 2 , and the BP neural network model using SST, SSS, Chl-a, and pCO 2 . The BP neural network model outperformed the linear regression and random forest model when comparing the root mean square error and fitting coefficient of the three best models. In addition, the best BP neural network model had substantially higher seasonal applicability than the best linear regression and the best random forest model, with good fitting effects in all four seasons—spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The process of CO 2 exchange at the sea–air interface was the key factor affecting the pH of the surface seawater, which was found to be negatively correlated with pCO 2 and SST, and positively correlated with SSS and Chl-a. Using the best BP neural network model to reconstruct the surface seawater pH over the North Pacific, it was found that the pH exhibited significant temporal and spatiotemporal variation characteristics. The surface seawater pH value was greater in the winter than the summer, and the pH decline rate over the past 26 years averaged 0.0013 yr −1 , with a general decreasing tendency from the northwest to the southeast. The highest value was observed in the tropical western Pacific, while the lowest value was observed in the eastern equatorial region with upwelling, which is consistent with the findings of previous studies.

Suggested Citation

  • Jie Wang & Peiling Yao & Jiaming Liu & Xun Wang & Jingjing Mao & Jiayuan Xu & Jiarui Wang, 2023. "Reconstruction of Surface Seawater pH in the North Pacific," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-19, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:7:p:5796-:d:1108257
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. James C. Orr & Victoria J. Fabry & Olivier Aumont & Laurent Bopp & Scott C. Doney & Richard A. Feely & Anand Gnanadesikan & Nicolas Gruber & Akio Ishida & Fortunat Joos & Robert M. Key & Keith Lindsay, 2005. "Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms," Nature, Nature, vol. 437(7059), pages 681-686, September.
    2. Jie Wang & Sirui Zhu & Jiaming Liu & Xun Wang & Jiarui Wang & Jiayuan Xu & Peiling Yao & Yijie Yang, 2023. "Frequency, Intensity and Influences of Tropical Cyclones in the Northwest Pacific and China, 1977–2018," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-18, February.
    3. Ken Caldeira & Michael E. Wickett, 2003. "Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH," Nature, Nature, vol. 425(6956), pages 365-365, September.
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