IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v15y2023i4p3013-d1060602.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Causes of Higher Ecological Footprint in Pakistan: Does Energy Consumption Contribute? Evidence from the Non-Linear ARDL Model

Author

Listed:
  • Nabila Asghar

    (Department of Economics, Division of Management and Administrative Science, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Asif Amjad

    (Department of Economics and Statistics, Dr Hasan Murad School of Management, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan)

  • Hafeez ur Rehman

    (Department of Economics and Statistics, Dr Hasan Murad School of Management, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan)

  • Mubbasher Munir

    (Department of Economics and Statistics, Dr Hasan Murad School of Management, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan)

  • Reda Alhajj

    (School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
    Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
    Department of Health Informatics, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark)

Abstract

The impact of human activities on environmental degradation has been increasing over time, and ecological footprint measures the impact of human activities on the environment. An increase in ecological footprint has created alarming situations around the globe. This study explores the causes of Pakistan’s high ecological footprint (EFP). The asymmetric analysis of fossil fuels and renewable energy consumption on EFP has been carried out from 1990 to 2020. The results obtained from the NARDL approach revealed that the positive shocks of fossil fuel consumption increase EFP, but its negative shocks decline EFP. Meanwhile, both positive and negative shocks of renewable energy consumption decline EFP in Pakistan. This study suggests that renewable energy consumption can play a significant role in reducing the EFP in Pakistan.

Suggested Citation

  • Nabila Asghar & Muhammad Asif Amjad & Hafeez ur Rehman & Mubbasher Munir & Reda Alhajj, 2023. "Causes of Higher Ecological Footprint in Pakistan: Does Energy Consumption Contribute? Evidence from the Non-Linear ARDL Model," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-12, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:4:p:3013-:d:1060602
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/4/3013/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/4/3013/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Destek, Mehmet & Sinha, Avik, 2020. "Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and ecological footprint: Evidence from organisation for economic Co-operation and development countries," MPRA Paper 104246, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2020.
    2. M. Hashem Pesaran & Yongcheol Shin & Richard J. Smith, 2001. "Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(3), pages 289-326.
    3. Li Chunling & Javed Ahmed Memon & Tiep Le Thanh & Minhaj Ali & Dervis Kirikkaleli, 2021. "The Impact of Public-Private Partnership Investment in Energy and Technological Innovation on Ecological Footprint: The Case of Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-16, September.
    4. Muhammad Kamran Khan & Muhammad Imran Khan & Muhammad Rehan, 2020. "The relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 6(1), pages 1-13, December.
    5. Abdul Rehman & Magdalena Radulescu & Hengyun Ma & Vishal Dagar & Imran Hussain & Muhammad Kamran Khan, 2021. "The Impact of Globalization, Energy Use, and Trade on Ecological Footprint in Pakistan: Does Environmental Sustainability Exist?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-16, August.
    6. Kremers, Jeroen J M & Ericsson, Neil R & Dolado, Juan J, 1992. "The Power of Cointegration Tests," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 54(3), pages 325-348, August.
    7. Muhammad Bilal Khan & Hummera Saleem & Malik Shahzad Shabbir & Xie Huobao, 2022. "The effects of globalization, energy consumption and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in South Asian countries," Energy & Environment, , vol. 33(1), pages 107-134, February.
    8. Yang Chen & Chien-Chiang Lee & Ming Chen, 2022. "Ecological footprint, human capital, and urbanization," Energy & Environment, , vol. 33(3), pages 487-510, May.
    9. Jahanger, Atif & Usman, Muhammad & Murshed, Muntasir & Mahmood, Haider & Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel, 2022. "The linkages between natural resources, human capital, globalization, economic growth, financial development, and ecological footprint: The moderating role of technological innovations," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    10. Zafar, Muhammad Wasif & Zaidi, Syed Anees Haider & Khan, Naveed R. & Mirza, Faisal Mehmood & Hou, Fujun & Kirmani, Syed Ali Ashiq, 2019. "The impact of natural resources, human capital, and foreign direct investment on the ecological footprint: The case of the United States," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 1-1.
    11. Mohsen Bahmani‐Oskooee & A. B. M. Nasir, 2004. "ARDL Approach to Test the Productivity Bias Hypothesis," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 8(3), pages 483-488, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Abbas, Jaffar & Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel & Amjid, Muhammad Asif & Al-Sulaiti, Khalid & Al-Sulaiti, Ibrahim & Aldereai, Osama, 2024. "Financial innovation and digitalization promote business growth: The interplay of green technology innovation, product market competition and firm performance," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 3(1).
    2. Wang, Feng & Rani, Tayyaba & Amjad, Muhammad Asif, 2025. "The asymmetric impact of energy shortages on sustainable development, human development and economic growth in South Asian countries: The moderating role of globalization," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    3. Waqas Mehmood & Fakir Al Gharaibeh & Ifham Rizvi & Waqar Mehmood, 2024. "Towards a Sustainable Future: Examining the Symmetric and Asymmetric Effect of Unstable Macroeconomic Factors on Initial Public Offerings Variability," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(5), pages 664-677, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Li Yang & Sumaiya Bashiru Danwana & Fadilul-lah Yassaanah Issahaku, 2022. "Achieving Environmental Sustainability in Africa: The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption, Natural Resources, and Government Effectiveness—Evidence from Symmetric and Asymmetric ARDL Models," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-26, June.
    2. Aluwani Tagwi, 2022. "The Impacts of Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide Emissions (CO 2 ) and Renewable Energy Consumption on Agricultural Economic Growth in South Africa: ARDL Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-25, December.
    3. Liu, Yaping & Sadiq, Farah & Ali, Wajahat & Kumail, Tafazal, 2022. "Does tourism development, energy consumption, trade openness and economic growth matters for ecological footprint: Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve and pollution haven hypothesis for Pakistan," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
    4. Jayanthakumaran, Kankesu & Verma, Reetu & Liu, Ying, 2012. "CO2 emissions, energy consumption, trade and income: A comparative analysis of China and India," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 450-460.
    5. Fortune Ganda, 2025. "Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in South Africa using the ARDL approach," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 49(1), pages 67-99, February.
    6. Hossain, Md. Emran & Islam, Md. Sayemul & Bandyopadhyay, Arunava & Awan, Ashar & Hossain, Mohammad Razib & Rej, Soumen, 2022. "Mexico at the crossroads of natural resource dependence and COP26 pledge: Does technological innovation help?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    7. Boutabba, Mohamed Amine, 2014. "The impact of financial development, income, energy and trade on carbon emissions: Evidence from the Indian economy," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 33-41.
    8. Hussam Buzaid M. Bakoben & Mohd Saeed Khan, 2025. "Importance of natural energy, and blue resources to address environmental challenges in view of the Saudi Vision 2030," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 49(3), pages 2155-2187, August.
    9. Bui Hoang Ngoc, 2022. "Do Tourism Development and Globalization Reinforce Ecological Footprint? Evidence From RCEP Countries," SAGE Open, , vol. 12(4), pages 21582440221, December.
    10. Hiroki Iwata & Keisuke Okada & Sovannroeun Samreth, 2012. "Empirical study on the determinants of CO 2 emissions: evidence from OECD countries," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 44(27), pages 3513-3519, September.
    11. Ivan D. TROFIMOV & Nazaria Md. ARIS & Muhammad Khairil Firdaus Bin ROSLI, 2018. "Macroeconomic determinants of the labour share of income: Evidence from OECD economies," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania / Editura Economica, vol. 0(3(616), A), pages 25-48, Autumn.
    12. Arsalan Tanveer & Huaming Song & Muhammad Faheem & Abdul Daud, 2025. "Caring for the environment. How do deforestation, agricultural land, and urbanization degrade the environment? Fresh insight through the ARDL approach," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 27(5), pages 11527-11562, May.
    13. Muhammad Qayyum & Yuyuan Yu & Mir Muhammad Nizamani & Saqlain Raza & Minhaj Ali & Shijie Li, 2023. "Financial Instability and CO2 Emissions in India: Evidence from ARDL Bound Testing Approach," Energy & Environment, , vol. 34(4), pages 808-829, June.
    14. Constantin Anghelache & Mădălina Gabriela Anghel & Ștefan Virgil Iacob & Ion Pârțachi & Irina Gabriela Rădulescu & Alina Gabriela Brezoi, 2023. "Analysis of the Situation of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption in the European Union," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-15, January.
    15. Ferda Halicioglu & Natalya Ketenci, 2018. "Testing the productivity bias hypothesis in Middle East countries," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 45(5), pages 922-931, October.
    16. Baek, Jungho, 2015. "Environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: The case of Arctic countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 13-17.
    17. Tingli, Liu & Ishtiaq, Muhammad & Saud, Shah & Rasheed, Muhammad Qamar, 2025. "Achieving sustainable development in emerging economies: Interplay between markets, resources, and environment," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C).
    18. Okada, Keisuke & Samreth, Sovannroeun, 2013. "A study on the socio-economic determinants of suicide: Evidence from 13 European OECD countries," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 78-85.
    19. Nathaniel Solomon Prince, 2021. "Natural Resources, Urbanisation, Economic Growth and the Ecological Footprint in South Africa: The Moderating Role of Human Capital," Quaestiones Geographicae, Sciendo, vol. 40(2), pages 63-76, June.
    20. Li, Zeyun & Leong, Lin Woon & N Aldoseri, Mahfod Mobarak & Muda, Iskandar & Abu-Rumman, Ayman & Al Shraah, Ata, 2023. "Examining the role of sustainability and natural resources management in improving environmental quality: Evidence from Asian countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:4:p:3013-:d:1060602. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.