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Efficient Production of Wild and Non-Edible Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Seed Oil into High-Quality Biodiesel via Novel, Green and Recyclable NiSO 4 Nano-Catalyst

Author

Listed:
  • Maryam Tanveer Akhtar

    (Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Mushtaq Ahmad

    (Plant Biodiesel Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan)

  • Maliha Asma

    (Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Mamoona Munir

    (Plant Biodiesel Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
    Department of Botany, Rawalpindi Women University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Zafar

    (Plant Biodiesel Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan)

  • Shazia Sultana

    (Plant Biodiesel Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan)

  • M. A. Mujtaba

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, New Campus Lahore, Lahore 54890, Pakistan)

  • Abdullah Mohamed

    (Research Centre, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt)

  • Md Abul Kalam

    (Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney 2007, Australia)

Abstract

In the current study, a novel green nano-catalyst from Tragacanth gum (TG) was synthesized and used for sustainable biodiesel production from Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. seed oil. Brassica juncea (L.) Czern contains 30% oil on dry basis and free fatty acid content of 0.43 mg KOH/g. Physiochemical characterization of a newly synthesized nano-catalyst was performed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. The XRD results showed an average crystalline size of 39.29 nm. TEM analysis showed the cluster form of NiSO 4 nanoparticles with a size range from 30–50.5 nm. SEM analysis of the catalyst showed semispherical and ovoid shapes with surface agglomeration. The synthesized catalyst was recovered and re-used in four repeated transesterification cycles. Maximum biodiesel yield (93%) was accomplished at 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration of 0.3 wt%, at 90 °C for 120 min at 600 rpm using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) coupled with central composite design (CCD). Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. biodiesel was characterized by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), FT-IR, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) ( 1 H, 13 C), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS) analytical techniques. The major fatty acid methyl esters were 16-Octadecenoic acid and 9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester. The fuel properties, i.e., flash point (97 °C), density (825 kg/m 3 at 40 °C), kinematic viscosity (4.66 mm 2 /s), pour point (–10 °C), cloud point (–14 °C), sulfur content (66 wt.%), and total acid number (182 mg KOH/g) were according to the International biodiesel standards. The reaction kinetic parameters were determined, and all the reactions followed Pseudo first-order kinetics. It was concluded that non-edible Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. seed oil is one of the sustainable candidates for the future biofuel industry using a cleaner, reusable, and highly active Ni-modified TG nano-catalyst.

Suggested Citation

  • Maryam Tanveer Akhtar & Mushtaq Ahmad & Maliha Asma & Mamoona Munir & Muhammad Zafar & Shazia Sultana & M. A. Mujtaba & Abdullah Mohamed & Md Abul Kalam, 2022. "Efficient Production of Wild and Non-Edible Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Seed Oil into High-Quality Biodiesel via Novel, Green and Recyclable NiSO 4 Nano-Catalyst," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-26, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:16:p:10188-:d:889896
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Maryam Tanveer Akhtar & Mushtaq Ahmad & Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan & Trobjon Makhkamov & Akramjon Yuldashev & Oybek Mamarakhimov & Mamoona Munir & Maliha Asma & Muhammad Zafar & Salman Majeed, 2023. "Sustainable Production of Biodiesel from Novel Non-Edible Oil Seeds ( Descurainia sophia L.) via Green Nano CeO 2 Catalyst," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-26, February.

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