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A Comparative Photographic Review on Higher Plants and Macro-Fungi: A Soil Restoration for Sustainable Production of Food and Energy

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  • Hassan El-Ramady

    (Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
    Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, University of Debrecen, 138 Böszörményi Street, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary)

  • Gréta Törős

    (Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, University of Debrecen, 138 Böszörményi Street, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary)

  • Khandsuren Badgar

    (Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, University of Debrecen, 138 Böszörményi Street, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary)

  • Xhensila Llanaj

    (Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, University of Debrecen, 138 Böszörményi Street, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary)

  • Peter Hajdú

    (Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, University of Debrecen, 138 Böszörményi Street, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary)

  • Mohammed E. El-Mahrouk

    (Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt)

  • Neama Abdalla

    (Plant Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt)

  • József Prokisch

    (Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, University of Debrecen, 138 Böszörményi Street, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary)

Abstract

The Kingdom of Plantae is considered the main source of human food, and includes several edible and medicinal plants, whereas mushrooms belong to the Kingdom of fungi. There are a lot of similar characteristics between mushrooms and higher plants, but there are also many differences among them, especially from the human health point of view. The absences of both chlorophyll content and the ability to form their own food are the main differences between mushrooms and higher plants. The main similar attributes found in both mushrooms and higher plants are represented in their nutritional and medicinal activities. The findings of this review have a number of practical implications. A lot of applications in different fields could be found also for both mushrooms and higher plants, especially in the bioenergy, biorefinery, soil restoration, and pharmaceutical fields, but this study is the first report on a comparative photographic review between them. An implication of the most important findings in this review is that both mushrooms and plants should be taken into account when integrated food and energy are needed. These findings will be of broad use to the scientific and biomedical communities. Further investigation and experimentation into the integration and production of food crops and mushrooms are strongly recommended under different environmental conditions, particularly climate change.

Suggested Citation

  • Hassan El-Ramady & Gréta Törős & Khandsuren Badgar & Xhensila Llanaj & Peter Hajdú & Mohammed E. El-Mahrouk & Neama Abdalla & József Prokisch, 2022. "A Comparative Photographic Review on Higher Plants and Macro-Fungi: A Soil Restoration for Sustainable Production of Food and Energy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-33, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:12:p:7104-:d:835458
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    6. Tamer Elsakhawy & Alaa El-Dein Omara & Mohamed Abowaly & Hassan El-Ramady & Khandsuren Badgar & Xhensila Llanaj & Gréta Törős & Peter Hajdú & József Prokisch, 2022. "Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Mushrooms: A Crucial Dimension for Sustainable Soil Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-27, April.
    7. Heba Elbasiouny & Hassan El-Ramady & Fathy Elbehiry & Vishnu D. Rajput & Tatiana Minkina & Saglara Mandzhieva, 2022. "Plant Nutrition under Climate Change and Soil Carbon Sequestration," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-20, January.
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