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Sodium-Ion Batteries with Ti 1 Al 1 TiC 1.85 MXene as Negative Electrode: Life Cycle Assessment and Life Critical Resource Use Analysis

Author

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  • Maria Leonor Carvalho

    (Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico—RSE S.p.A., Via Rubattino 54, 20134 Milan, Italy)

  • Giulio Mela

    (Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico—RSE S.p.A., Via Rubattino 54, 20134 Milan, Italy)

  • Andrea Temporelli

    (Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico—RSE S.p.A., Via Rubattino 54, 20134 Milan, Italy)

  • Elisabetta Brivio

    (Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico—RSE S.p.A., Via Rubattino 54, 20134 Milan, Italy)

  • Pierpaolo Girardi

    (Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico—RSE S.p.A., Via Rubattino 54, 20134 Milan, Italy)

Abstract

Electrochemical storage systems are an enabling solution for the electric system ecological transition, allowing a deeper penetration of nonprogrammable renewable energy resources, such as wind and solar energy. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are state of the art energy storage technology. Nevertheless, LIBs show critical problems linked to their production, especially for what concerns energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and rare raw materials use. Finding alternative storage technologies seems crucial for support energy transition, but at the same time, it is important to study their sustainability from the very beginning of their technological development. Using this framework, this paper presents a life cycle based environmental-economic assessment, comparing Na-ion coin cells (Ti 1 Al 1 TiC 1.85 MXene as anode material) with LIBs. LCA results show that the assessed Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are less environmentally friendly than LIBs, an outcome driven by the SIBs’ lower energy density. However, if results are shown by mass, SIBs can represent potential alternatives to LIBs. On the other hand, the analysis shows that even Na-ions already use less critical resources, both in absolute and in relative values, highlighting the need, at least for the European Union, to find valid alternatives to LIBs if the 2050 decarbonization targets are to be met.

Suggested Citation

  • Maria Leonor Carvalho & Giulio Mela & Andrea Temporelli & Elisabetta Brivio & Pierpaolo Girardi, 2022. "Sodium-Ion Batteries with Ti 1 Al 1 TiC 1.85 MXene as Negative Electrode: Life Cycle Assessment and Life Critical Resource Use Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-18, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:10:p:5976-:d:815787
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Alessia Gargiulo & Maria Leonor Carvalho & Pierpaolo Girardi, 2020. "Life Cycle Assessment of Italian Electricity Scenarios to 2030," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-16, July.
    2. Joost Vogtländer & David Peck & Dorota Kurowicka, 2019. "The Eco-Costs of Material Scarcity, a Resource Indicator for LCA, Derived from a Statistical Analysis on Excessive Price Peaks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-20, April.
    3. Matthias Buyle & Amaryllis Audenaert & Pieter Billen & Katrien Boonen & Steven Van Passel, 2019. "The Future of Ex-Ante LCA? Lessons Learned and Practical Recommendations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(19), pages 1-24, October.
    4. Noah Kittner & Felix Lill & Daniel M. Kammen, 2017. "Energy storage deployment and innovation for the clean energy transition," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 2(9), pages 1-6, September.
    5. Maria Leonor Carvalho & Andrea Temporelli & Pierpaolo Girardi, 2021. "Life Cycle Assessment of Stationary Storage Systems within the Italian Electric Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-19, April.
    6. Giulio Mela & Maria Leonor Carvalho & Andrea Temporelli & Pierpaolo Girardi, 2021. "The Commodity Life Cycle Costing Indicator. An Economic Measure of Natural Resource Use in the Life Cycle," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-20, April.
    7. Andrea Temporelli & Maria Leonor Carvalho & Pierpaolo Girardi, 2020. "Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicle Batteries: An Overview of Recent Literature," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-13, June.
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    1. Maria Leonor Carvalho & Maria Anna Cusenza & Giulio Mela & Andrea Temporelli & Irene Quinzeni & Pierpaolo Girardi, 2023. "LCA and C-LCC Indicator as Tools for Sodium-Ion Batteries’ Eco-Design," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-20, August.

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