IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v13y2021i4p1962-d497913.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Effects of Mobility as a Service and Autonomous Vehicles on People’s Willingness to Own a Car in the Future

Author

Listed:
  • Timo Liljamo

    (Transport Research Centre Verne, Faculty of Built Environment, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland)

  • Heikki Liimatainen

    (Transport Research Centre Verne, Faculty of Built Environment, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland)

  • Markus Pöllänen

    (Transport Research Centre Verne, Faculty of Built Environment, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland)

  • Riku Viri

    (Transport Research Centre Verne, Faculty of Built Environment, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland)

Abstract

Car ownership is one of the key factors affecting travel behaviour and thus also essential in terms of sustainable mobility. This study examines car ownership and how people’s willingness to own a car may change in the future, when considering the effects of public transport, Mobility as a Service (MaaS) and automated vehicles (AVs). Results of two citizen surveys conducted with representative samples (N AV-survey = 2036; N MaaS-survey = 1176) of Finns aged 18–64 are presented. The results show that 39% of respondents would not want or need to own a car if public transport connections were good enough, 58% if the described mobility service was available and 65% if all vehicles in traffic were automated. Hence, car ownership can decrease as a result of the implementation of AVs and MaaS, and higher public transport quality of service. Current mobility behaviour has a strong correlation to car ownership, as respondents who use public transport frequently feel less of a will or need to own a car than others. Generally, women and younger people feel less of a will or need to own a car, but factors such as educational level and residential location seem to have a relatively low effect.

Suggested Citation

  • Timo Liljamo & Heikki Liimatainen & Markus Pöllänen & Riku Viri, 2021. "The Effects of Mobility as a Service and Autonomous Vehicles on People’s Willingness to Own a Car in the Future," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-28, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:4:p:1962-:d:497913
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/4/1962/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/4/1962/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Nilsson, Andreas & Hansla, André & Heiling, Joakim Malmborg & Bergstad, Cecilia Jakobsson & Martinsson, Johan, 2016. "Public acceptability towards environmental policy measures: Value-matching appeals," Environmental Science & Policy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 176-184.
    2. Lee, Shin S. & Senior, Martyn L., 2013. "Do light rail services discourage car ownership and use? Evidence from Census data for four English cities," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 11-23.
    3. Bussière, Yves D. & Madre, Jean-Loup & Tapia-Villarreal, Irving, 2019. "Will peak car observed in the North occur in the South? A demographic approach with case studies of Montreal, Lille, Juarez and Puebla," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 39-54.
    4. Oakil, Abu Toasin Md & Manting, Dorien & Nijland, Hans, 2016. "Determinants of car ownership among young households in the Netherlands: The role of urbanisation and demographic and economic characteristics," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 229-235.
    5. Ho, Chinh Q. & Hensher, David A. & Mulley, Corinne & Wong, Yale Z., 2018. "Potential uptake and willingness-to-pay for Mobility as a Service (MaaS): A stated choice study," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 117(C), pages 302-318.
    6. Matas, Anna & Raymond, Josep-LLuis, 2008. "Changes in the structure of car ownership in Spain," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 42(1), pages 187-202, January.
    7. Katarzyna Turoń & Andrzej Kubik & Feng Chen & Hualan Wang & Bogusław Łazarz, 2020. "A Holistic Approach to Electric Shared Mobility Systems Development—Modelling and Optimization Aspects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-19, November.
    8. Liljamo, Timo & Liimatainen, Heikki & Pöllänen, Markus & Utriainen, Roni, 2020. "People’s current mobility costs and willingness to pay for Mobility as a Service offerings," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 99-119.
    9. Melinda Matyas & Maria Kamargianni, 2019. "The potential of mobility as a service bundles as a mobility management tool," Transportation, Springer, vol. 46(5), pages 1951-1968, October.
    10. Klein, Nicholas J. & Smart, Michael J., 2017. "Millennials and car ownership: Less money, fewer cars," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 20-29.
    11. Christina Pakusch & Gunnar Stevens & Alexander Boden & Paul Bossauer, 2018. "Unintended Effects of Autonomous Driving: A Study on Mobility Preferences in the Future," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-22, July.
    12. Fahimeh Khalaj & Dorina Pojani & Neil Sipe & Jonathan Corcoran, 2020. "Why are cities removing their freeways? A systematic review of the literature," Transport Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(5), pages 557-580, July.
    13. Matas, Anna & Raymond, José-Luis & Roig, José-Luis, 2009. "Car ownership and access to jobs in Spain," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 43(6), pages 607-617, July.
    14. Yagi, Michiyuki & Managi, Shunsuke, 2016. "Demographic determinants of car ownership in Japan," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 37-53.
    15. Marcos Medina-Tapia & Francesc Robusté, 2019. "Implementation of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles in Cities Could Have Neutral Effects on the Total Travel Time Costs: Modeling and Analysis for a Circular City," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-18, January.
    16. Wong, Yale Z. & Hensher, David A. & Mulley, Corinne, 2020. "Mobility as a service (MaaS): Charting a future context," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 5-19.
    17. Storme, Tom & De Vos, Jonas & De Paepe, Leen & Witlox, Frank, 2020. "Limitations to the car-substitution effect of MaaS. Findings from a Belgian pilot study," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 196-205.
    18. Itf, 2015. "Urban Mobility System Upgrade: How shared self-driving cars could change city traffic," International Transport Forum Policy Papers 6, OECD Publishing.
    19. Tin Pofuk, 2017. "Autonomous Vehicles and the Future of Private Vehicle Ownership," MIC 2017: Managing the Global Economy; Proceedings of the Joint International Conference, Monastier di Treviso, Italy, 24–27 May 2017,, University of Primorska Press.
    20. Ben Clark & Kiron Chatterjee & Steve Melia, 2016. "Changes in level of household car ownership: the role of life events and spatial context," Transportation, Springer, vol. 43(4), pages 565-599, July.
    21. Pangbourne, Kate & Mladenović, Miloš N. & Stead, Dominic & Milakis, Dimitris, 2020. "Questioning mobility as a service: Unanticipated implications for society and governance," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 35-49.
    22. Banister, David, 2008. "The sustainable mobility paradigm," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 15(2), pages 73-80, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Rita Prior Filipe & Andrew Heath & Nick McCullen, 2022. "The Path to Sustainable and Equitable Mobility: Defining a Stakeholder-Informed Transportation System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-13, November.
    2. Ivana Martinčević & Predrag Brlek & Nives Domjan Kačarević, 2022. "Mobility as a Service (MaaS) as a Sustainability Concept for Tourist Destinations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-20, June.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Lopez-Carreiro, Iria & Monzon, Andres & Lopez-Lambas, Maria E., 2021. "Comparison of the willingness to adopt MaaS in Madrid (Spain) and Randstad (The Netherlands) metropolitan areas," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 275-294.
    2. Iria Lopez-Carreiro & Andres Monzon & Elena Lopez, 2023. "MaaS Implications in the Smart City: A Multi-Stakeholder Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-27, July.
    3. Reck, Daniel J. & Hensher, David A. & Ho, Chinh Q., 2020. "MaaS bundle design," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 485-501.
    4. Ho, Chinh Q. & Hensher, David A. & Reck, Daniel J. & Lorimer, Sam & Lu, Ivy, 2021. "MaaS bundle design and implementation: Lessons from the Sydney MaaS trial," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 339-376.
    5. Basu, Rounaq & Ferreira, Joseph, 2021. "Sustainable mobility in auto-dominated Metro Boston: Challenges and opportunities post-COVID-19," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 197-210.
    6. Zhiyuan Yu & Doudou Jin & Xiaoxiao Song & Chao Zhai & Desheng Wang, 2020. "Internet of Vehicle Empowered Mobile Media Scenarios: In-Vehicle Infotainment Solutions for the Mobility as a Service (MaaS)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-21, September.
    7. Soltani, Ali, 2017. "Social and urban form determinants of vehicle ownership; evidence from a developing country," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 90-100.
    8. Kriswardhana, Willy & Esztergár-Kiss, Domokos, 2023. "Exploring the aspects of MaaS adoption based on college students’ preferences," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 113-125.
    9. Mark Muller & Seri Park & Ross Lee & Brett Fusco & Gonçalo Homem de Almeida Correia, 2021. "Review of Whole System Simulation Methodologies for Assessing Mobility as a Service (MaaS) as an Enabler for Sustainable Urban Mobility," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-15, May.
    10. Hensher, David A. & Ho, Chinh Q. & Reck, Daniel J., 2021. "Mobility as a service and private car use: Evidence from the Sydney MaaS trial," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 17-33.
    11. Kayikci, Yasanur & Kabadurmus, Ozgur, 2022. "Barriers to the adoption of the mobility-as-a-service concept: The case of Istanbul, a large emerging metropolis," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 219-236.
    12. Dadashzadeh, Nima & Woods, Lee & Ouelhadj, Djamila & Thomopoulos, Nikolas & Kamargianni, Maria & Antoniou, Constantinos, 2022. "Mobility as a Service Inclusion Index (MaaSINI): Evaluation of inclusivity in MaaS systems and policy recommendations," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 191-202.
    13. van 't Veer, Renske & Annema, Jan Anne & Araghi, Yashar & Homem de Almeida Correia, Gonçalo & van Wee, Bert, 2023. "Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS): A latent class cluster analysis to identify Dutch vehicle owners’ use intention," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    14. Kühne, Kathrin & Mitra, Suman K. & Saphores, Jean-Daniel M., 2018. "Without a ride in car country – A comparison of carless households in Germany and California," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 24-40.
    15. Hasselwander, Marc & Bigotte, Joao F. & Antunes, Antonio P. & Sigua, Ricardo G., 2022. "Towards sustainable transport in developing countries: Preliminary findings on the demand for mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) in Metro Manila," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 501-518.
    16. Xi, Haoning & Liu, Wei & Waller, S. Travis & Hensher, David A. & Kilby, Philip & Rey, David, 2023. "Incentive-compatible mechanisms for online resource allocation in Mobility-as-a-Service systems," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 119-147.
    17. Lopez-Carreiro, Iria & Monzon, Andres & Lopez, Elena & Lopez-Lambas, Maria Eugenia, 2020. "Urban mobility in the digital era: An exploration of travellers' expectations of MaaS mobile-technologies," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    18. Ho, Chinh Q., 2022. "Can MaaS change users’ travel behaviour to deliver commercial and societal outcomes?," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 76-97.
    19. De Vos, Jonas & Alemi, Farzad, 2020. "Are young adults car-loving urbanites? Comparing young and older adults’ residential location choice, travel behavior and attitudes," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 986-998.
    20. Tom Storme & Corneel Casier & Hossein Azadi & Frank Witlox, 2021. "Impact Assessments of New Mobility Services: A Critical Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-20, March.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:4:p:1962-:d:497913. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.