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Cnicus benedictus Oil as a Raw Material for Biodiesel: Extraction Optimization and Biodiesel Yield

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  • Petronela Lina Matei

    (Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania)

  • Cristina Busuioc

    (Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania)

  • Niculina Ionescu

    (Laboratory of Plant Multiplication, Plant Breeding and Seed Multiplication Department, National Agricultural Research and Development Institute (NARDI), 915200 Fundulea, Romania)

  • Anicuta Stoica-Guzun

    (Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania)

  • Nicoleta-Aurelia Chira

    (Laboratory of Plant Multiplication, Plant Breeding and Seed Multiplication Department, National Agricultural Research and Development Institute (NARDI), 915200 Fundulea, Romania)

Abstract

Cnicus benedictus fruits were used as raw material to extract oil, and the resulting oil was converted into biodiesel. Two extraction methods were tested: batch extraction, and ultrasound assisted extraction. Response surface methodology was considered for the optimization of the process efficiency. The selected key independent variables were temperature, extraction time, and solid/liquid ratio for batch extraction and ultrasound intensity, temperature, and extraction time for the ultrasound assisted extraction, respectively. The optimal working conditions are different for the two extraction techniques, with respect to temperature, solid/liquid ratio, and extraction time, respectively, leading to higher extraction efficiency in the case of the ultrasound-assisted extraction. Cnicus benedictus oil obtained under the optimal extraction conditions was further esterified with methanol under acid catalysis to yield biodiesel. The biodiesel was characterized through 1 H-NMR and the main fuel properties were determined.

Suggested Citation

  • Petronela Lina Matei & Cristina Busuioc & Niculina Ionescu & Anicuta Stoica-Guzun & Nicoleta-Aurelia Chira, 2021. "Cnicus benedictus Oil as a Raw Material for Biodiesel: Extraction Optimization and Biodiesel Yield," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-16, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:23:p:13193-:d:690356
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Shashi Kant Bhatia, 2023. "Biorefinery for the Sustainable Biochemicals Production: Process Design and Technological Advances," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-3, May.

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