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Understanding the Energy Consumption of Battery Electric Buses in Urban Public Transport Systems

Author

Listed:
  • Shefang Wang

    (BASF Corporation, Iselin, NJ 08830, USA)

  • Chaoru Lu

    (Department of Civil Engineering and Energy Technology, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway)

  • Chenhui Liu

    (Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, McLean, Fairfax County, VA 22101, USA)

  • Yue Zhou

    (C2SMART Center, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA)

  • Jun Bi

    (School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China)

  • Xiaomei Zhao

    (School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China)

Abstract

The ever-increasing concerns over urban air quality, noise pollution, and considerable savings in total cost of ownership encouraged more and more cities to introduce battery electric buses (e-bus). Based on the sensor records of 99 e-buses that included over 250,000 h across 4.7 million kilometers, this paper unveiled the relationship between driving behaviors and e-bus battery energy consumption under various environments. Battery efficiency was evaluated by the distance traveled per unit battery energy (1% SoC, State of Charge). Mix effect regression was applied to quantify the magnitude and correlation between multiple factors; and 13 machine learning methods were adopted for enhanced prediction and optimization. Although regenerative braking could make a positive contribution to e-bus battery energy recovery, unstable driving styles with greater speed variation or acceleration would consume more energy, hence reduce the battery efficiency. The timing window is another significant factor and the result showed higher efficiency at night, over weekends, or during cooler seasons. Assuming a normal driving behavior, this paper investigated the most economical driving speed in order to maximize battery efficiency. An average of 19% improvement could be achieved, and the optimal driving speed is time-dependent, ranging from 11 to 18 km/h.

Suggested Citation

  • Shefang Wang & Chaoru Lu & Chenhui Liu & Yue Zhou & Jun Bi & Xiaomei Zhao, 2020. "Understanding the Energy Consumption of Battery Electric Buses in Urban Public Transport Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-12, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:23:p:10007-:d:454128
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    Cited by:

    1. Marcin Połom & Paweł Wiśniewski, 2021. "Assessment of the Emission of Pollutants from Public Transport Based on the Example of Diesel Buses and Trolleybuses in Gdynia and Sopot," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-17, August.
    2. Marcin Połom, 2021. "Technology Development and Spatial Diffusion of Auxiliary Power Sources in Trolleybuses in European Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-18, May.
    3. Marcin Połom & Paweł Wiśniewski, 2021. "Implementing Electromobility in Public Transport in Poland in 1990–2020. A Review of Experiences and Evaluation of the Current Development Directions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-22, April.
    4. Marouane Adnane & Ahmed Khoumsi & João Pedro F. Trovão, 2023. "Efficient Management of Energy Consumption of Electric Vehicles Using Machine Learning—A Systematic and Comprehensive Survey," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-39, June.
    5. Orlando Barraza & Miquel Estrada, 2021. "Battery Electric Bus Network: Efficient Design and Cost Comparison of Different Powertrains," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-28, April.
    6. Iván López & Pedro Luis Calvo & Gonzalo Fernández-Sánchez & Carlos Sierra & Roberto Corchero & Cesar Omar Chacón & Carlos de Juan & Daniel Rosas & Francisco Burgos, 2022. "Different Approaches for a Goal: The Electrical Bus-EMT Madrid as a Successful Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-24, August.
    7. Jie Xing & Peng Wu, 2021. "State of Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Improved Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-16, April.
    8. Manzolli, Jônatas Augusto & Trovão, João Pedro & Antunes, Carlos Henggeler, 2022. "A review of electric bus vehicles research topics – Methods and trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    9. Christine Keller & Felix Glück & Carl Friedrich Gerlach & Thomas Schlegel, 2022. "Investigating the Potential of Data Science Methods for Sustainable Public Transport," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-26, April.
    10. Zbigniew Czapla & Grzegorz Sierpiński, 2023. "Driving and Energy Profiles of Urban Bus Routes Predicted for Operation with Battery Electric Buses," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-19, July.

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