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A Hierarchical Multilevel Approach in Assessing Factors Explaining Country-Level Climate Change Vulnerability

Author

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  • George Halkos

    (Laboratory of Operations Research, Department of Economics, University of Thessaly, 38333 Volos, Greece)

  • Antonis Skouloudis

    (Department of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81132 Mytilene Lesvos, Greece)

  • Chrisovalantis Malesios

    (Operations & Information Management Department, Aston Business School, Birmingham Β4 7ΕΤ, UK)

  • Nikoleta Jones

    (Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9EP, UK)

Abstract

Assessing vulnerability is key in the planning of climate change adaptation policies and, more importantly, in determining actions increasing resilience across different locations. This study presents the results of a hierarchical linear multilevel modeling approach that utilizes as dependent variable the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN) Climate Change Vulnerability Index and explores the relative impact of a number of macro-level characteristics on vulnerability, including GDP, public debt, population, agricultural coverage and sociopolitical and institutional conditions. A 1995–2016 annual time series that yields a panel dataset of 192 countries is employed. Findings suggest that country-level climate change vulnerability is responding (strongly) to the majority of the explanatory variables considered. Findings also confirm that less-developed countries demonstrate increased vulnerability compared to the developed ones and those in transition stages. While these results indeed warrant further attention, they provide a background for a more nuanced understanding of aspects defining country-level patterns of climate vulnerability.

Suggested Citation

  • George Halkos & Antonis Skouloudis & Chrisovalantis Malesios & Nikoleta Jones, 2020. "A Hierarchical Multilevel Approach in Assessing Factors Explaining Country-Level Climate Change Vulnerability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-14, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:11:p:4438-:d:364715
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    5. David Dosso, 2025. "Which Countries are “Particularly Vulnerable†to Climate Change? A New Climate Vulnerability Indicator," Working Papers 2025.2, International Network for Economic Research - INFER.
    6. Angeles Sánchez & Eduardo Jiménez-Fernández, 2023. "European Union Cohesion Policy: Socio-Economic Vulnerability of the Regions and the COVID-19 Shock," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 18(1), pages 195-228, February.
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