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Wastewater Reclamation Holds a Key for Water Sustainability in Future Urban Development of Phoenix Metropolitan Area

Author

Listed:
  • Zhi-Hua Wang

    (School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA)

  • Rachel von Gnechten

    (School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
    Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA)

  • David A. Sampson

    (Decision Center for a Desert City, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA)

  • Dave D. White

    (Decision Center for a Desert City, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
    School of Community Resources and Development, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA)

Abstract

Global water scarcity has been a growing concern among policy makers, researchers, and the general public. Rapid urbanization with more concentrated populations and emergent patterns of climate change (e.g., soaring temperatures and 19 years of drought) added uncertainty and complexity to the risk of water shortage for the Phoenix Metropolitan Area (PMA). In this study, we used a numerical simulation tool, termed WaterSim 5.0, to assess water sustainability indicators in PMA. Four hypothetical scenarios were evaluated, viz. desert, and green landscaping, as well as urban expansion into desert or agricultural lands, bracketing plausible paths of future development in the study area. Model outputs were evaluated using four sustainability indicators and policy controls: (1) groundwater use, (2) agricultural production, (3) personal water use, and (4) the 100-year adequate water supply metric for new population growth. All four scenarios were examined using both current (19%) and complete (100%) wastewater reclamation. We found that the rate of wastewater reuse drives a reduction in groundwater dependency in urban growth; urban-agriculture conversion provides a convenient means to enhance water sustainability. In the broader context, sustainable water planning strategies need to take into account other crucial environmental and socio-economic measures such as changes in thermal stress, agricultural production, and outdoor and rural lifestyles.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhi-Hua Wang & Rachel von Gnechten & David A. Sampson & Dave D. White, 2019. "Wastewater Reclamation Holds a Key for Water Sustainability in Future Urban Development of Phoenix Metropolitan Area," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(13), pages 1-13, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:13:p:3537-:d:243427
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wang, Zhi-Hua & Zhao, Xiaoxi & Yang, Jiachuan & Song, Jiyun, 2016. "Cooling and energy saving potentials of shade trees and urban lawns in a desert city," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 437-444.
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    3. Patricia Gober & Anthony Brazel & Ray Quay & Soe Myint & Susanne Grossman-Clarke & Adam Miller & Steve Rossi, 2010. "Using Watered Landscapes to Manipulate Urban Heat Island Effects: How Much Water Will It Take to Cool Phoenix?," Journal of the American Planning Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 76(1), pages 109-121.
    4. Sampson, D.A. & Quay, R. & White, D.D., 2016. "Anticipatory modeling for water supply sustainability in Phoenix, Arizona," Environmental Science & Policy, Elsevier, vol. 55(P1), pages 36-46.
    5. Kelli L. Larson & Dave D. White & Patricia Gober & Amber Wutich, 2015. "Decision-Making under Uncertainty for Water Sustainability and Urban Climate Change Adaptation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(11), pages 1-24, November.
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    Cited by:

    1. María J. López-Serrano & Juan F. Velasco-Muñoz & José A. Aznar-Sánchez & Isabel M. Román-Sánchez, 2020. "Sustainable Use of Wastewater in Agriculture: A Bibliometric Analysis of Worldwide Research," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-20, October.

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