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The Reinstatement of Returnees in District Swat, Pakistan: An Evaluative Study of the Rehabilitation Initiatives

Author

Listed:
  • Muhammad Rafiq

    (Azman Hashim International Business School, Universiti Teknologi, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia)

  • Asan Ali Golam Hassan

    (Azman Hashim International Business School, Universiti Teknologi, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia)

  • Muhammad Saeed

    (Department of Global Studies, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

This study attempted to develop a happiness index tool for evaluating rehabilitation initiatives used to reinstate returnees at district Swat, Pakistan. The Happiness Index (HI) tool compares two periods, i.e., HI before rehabilitation (BR) and HI after rehabilitation (AR). The returnees’ happiness index (RHI) is also compared with Pakistan’s Happiness Index to identify the difference. Data for this study were elicited from 382 respondents through a structured survey questionnaire. The results show that after rehabilitation (AR), the returnees’ happiness index improved from 3.89 to 5.36, which is still less than the world happiness index of Pakistan, i.e., 5.65 in 2019. This study concluded that rehabilitation projects had a significantly positive impact on the HI of the returnees. However, more effective and sustainable initiatives are required to align the RHI to the HI of Pakistan. Further, the RHI tool adopted by this study is significant for measuring the happiness of the marginalized and affected people in Pakistan and beyond.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Rafiq & Asan Ali Golam Hassan & Muhammad Saeed, 2021. "The Reinstatement of Returnees in District Swat, Pakistan: An Evaluative Study of the Rehabilitation Initiatives," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-13, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jscscx:v:10:y:2021:i:12:p:476-:d:699320
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    4. Graham, Carol & Eggers, Andrew & Sukhtankar, Sandip, 2004. "Does happiness pay?: An exploration based on panel data from Russia," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 55(3), pages 319-342, November.
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