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A Novel Framework to Represent Hypoxia in Coastal Systems

Author

Listed:
  • Aavudai Anandhi

    (Biological Systems Engineering, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA)

  • Ruth Book

    (Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
    Retired State Conservation Engineer USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service.)

  • Gulnihal Ozbay

    (Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, College of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA)

Abstract

Policymakers face the challenge of increasing food and energy production while reducing nutrient pollution. Coastal hypoxic zones, often caused by human activity, are a key indicator of sustainability. The purpose of this study is to develop a novel framework that can be used by policymakers to assess strategies to reduce or eliminate hypoxic zones in coastal waters. The developed framework includes socioecological conditions by integrating the Driver–Pressure–State–Impact–Response (DPSIR) framework and multiple thinking approaches (nexus, systems, and goal-oriented) with sustainable development goals (SDGs) and their targets, the food–energy–water (FEW) nexus, agricultural conservation practices (ACPs), and the collective knowledge from the published literature and experts, all applied to hypoxia in oceans. Four categories of ACPs with potential positive effects on hypoxia were identified: conservation cropping systems, conservation drainage systems, riparian buffer systems, and wetland systems. The Gulf of Mexico, a large hypoxic zone, served as a case study. The methods from the development of this framework may be tailored to some 500 global coastal hypoxic zones, covering 245,000 km 2 of oceans.

Suggested Citation

  • Aavudai Anandhi & Ruth Book & Gulnihal Ozbay, 2025. "A Novel Framework to Represent Hypoxia in Coastal Systems," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-31, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:14:y:2025:i:6:p:1169-:d:1667198
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