IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jlands/v10y2021i7p739-d594384.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment under Multiple Indicators

Author

Listed:
  • Xupu Li

    (School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China)

  • Shuangshuang Li

    (School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China)

  • Yufeng Zhang

    (School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China)

  • Patrick J. O’Connor

    (Centre for Global Food and Resources, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia)

  • Liwei Zhang

    (School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China)

  • Junping Yan

    (School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China)

Abstract

Rapid urbanization and intensification of human activities increases the risk of disturbance of ecological systems via multiple sources, with consequences for regional ecological security and health. Landscape ecological risk assessment (LERA) is an effective way to identify and allocate risk to resources. We used the north and south Qinling Mountain area as a case study to analyze the spatial heterogeneity of landscape ecological risk using a potential- connectedness-resilience three-dimensional (PCR 3D) framework based on an integrated and dynamic risk assessment concept from adaptive cycle theory. We explored factors driving the risks with a spatial model GeoDetector. The results show that the comprehensive landscape ecological risk was north–south polarized and dominated by low and moderate risk levels (90.13% of total risk) across the whole study area. The high-risk area was centered on the Weihe plain north of the Qinling Mountains (NQL), while low-risk areas accounted for 86.87% of the total area and were prevalent across the south of the study area. The areas with high potential and connectedness risks were centered in the Xi’an–Xianyang urban agglomeration and those with high-resilience risk were in the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River. The vast majority of the area to the south of the Qinling Mountains (SQL) is at low risk. In terms of driving forces, population density and vegetation coverage (NDVI) are the primary factors affecting landscape ecological risk. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic activity is the primary cause of landscape ecological risks in the study area and regional socioeconomic exploitation and environmental conservation need to be rebalanced to achieve sustainability for the social ecosystem. The PCR 3D LERA framework employed in this study can be used to inform landscape ecological health and security and to optimize socioeconomic progress at regional scales.

Suggested Citation

  • Xupu Li & Shuangshuang Li & Yufeng Zhang & Patrick J. O’Connor & Liwei Zhang & Junping Yan, 2021. "Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment under Multiple Indicators," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-16, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:10:y:2021:i:7:p:739-:d:594384
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/7/739/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/7/739/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Grundmann, Philipp & Ehlers, Melf-Hinrich & Uckert, Götz, 2012. "Responses of agricultural bioenergy sectors in Brandenburg (Germany) to climate, economic and legal changes: An application of Holling's adaptive cycle," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 118-129.
    2. Steve Miller & Kenn Chua & Jay Coggins & Hamid Mohtadi, 2021. "Heat Waves, Climate Change, and Economic Output," Journal of the European Economic Association, European Economic Association, vol. 19(5), pages 2658-2694.
    3. Rodríguez Sousa, A.A. & Parra-López, C. & Sayadi-Gmada, S. & Barandica, J.M. & Rescia, A.J., 2020. "A multifunctional assessment of integrated and ecological farming in olive agroecosystems in southwestern Spain using the Analytic Hierarchy Process," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    4. Piet, Gerjan J. & Knights, Antony M. & Jongbloed, Ruud H. & Tamis, Jacqueline E. & de Vries, Pepijn & Robinson, Leonie A., 2017. "Ecological risk assessments to guide decision-making: Methodology matters," Environmental Science & Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 1-9.
    5. Burkhard, Benjamin & Fath, Brian D. & Müller, Felix, 2011. "Adapting the adaptive cycle: Hypotheses on the development of ecosystem properties and services," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 222(16), pages 2878-2890.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Dongchuan Wang & Hua Chai & Zhiheng Wang & Kangjian Wang & Hongyi Wang & Hui Long & Jianshe Gao & Aoze Wei & Sirun Wang, 2022. "Dynamic Monitoring and Ecological Risk Analysis of Lake Inundation Areas in Tibetan Plateau," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-20, October.
    2. Hengrui Zhang & Jianing Zhang & Zhuozhuo Lv & Linjie Yao & Ning Zhang & Qing Zhang, 2023. "Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Landscape Ecological Risk and Associated Drivers: A Case Study of the Yellow River Basin in Inner Mongolia," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-15, May.
    3. Yanping Yang & Jianjun Chen & Yanping Lan & Guoqing Zhou & Haotian You & Xiaowen Han & Yu Wang & Xue Shi, 2022. "Landscape Pattern and Ecological Risk Assessment in Guangxi Based on Land Use Change," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-20, January.
    4. Yichen Yan & Hongrun Ju & Shengrui Zhang & Guokun Chen, 2021. "The Construction of Ecological Security Patterns in Coastal Areas Based on Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment—A Case Study of Jiaodong Peninsula, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-16, November.
    5. Yingxue Rao & Jingyi Dai & Deyi Dai & Qingsong He & Huiying Wang, 2021. "Effect of Compactness of Urban Growth on Regional Landscape Ecological Security," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-17, August.
    6. Hua Bai & Yaoyun Zhang & Jiazhuo Huang & Haopeng Chen, 2025. "Constructing Ecological Networks and Analyzing Impact Factors in Multi-Scenario Simulation Under Climate Change," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-25, May.
    7. Fuwei Qiao & Yongping Bai & Lixia Xie & Xuedi Yang & Shuaishuai Sun, 2021. "Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Landscape Ecological Risks in the Ecological Functional Zone of the Upper Yellow River, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-19, December.
    8. Pengtao Wang & Xupu Li & Liwei Zhang & Zhuangzhuang Wang & Jiangtao Bai & Yongyong Song & Hongzhu Han & Ting Zhao & Guan Huang & Junping Yan, 2023. "Spatiotemporal Variations of Production–Living–Ecological Space under Various, Changing Climate and Land Use Scenarios in the Upper Reaches of Hanjiang River Basin, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-21, September.
    9. Kangwen Zhu & Jun He & Lanxin Zhang & Dan Song & Longjiang Wu & Yaqun Liu & Sheng Zhang, 2022. "Impact of Future Development Scenario Selection on Landscape Ecological Risk in the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Zone," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-18, June.
    10. Xin Li & Bin Fang & Mengru Yin & Tao Jin & Xin Xu, 2022. "Multi-Dimensional Urbanization Coordinated Evolution Process and Ecological Risk Response in the Yangtze River Delta," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-25, May.
    11. Lingfan Ju & Yan Liu & Jin Yang & Mingshun Xiang & Qing Xiang & Wenkai Hu & Zhengyi Ding, 2023. "Construction of Nature Reserves’ Ecological Security Pattern Based on Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment: A Case Study of Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-20, May.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. repec:plo:pone00:0146053 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Cosaert, Sam & Nieto Castro, Adrian & Tatsiramos, Konstantinos, 2023. "Temperature and the Timing of Work," IZA Discussion Papers 16480, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    3. Häyhä, Tiina & Franzese, Pier Paolo & Paletto, Alessandro & Fath, Brian D., 2015. "Assessing, valuing, and mapping ecosystem services in Alpine forests," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 14(C), pages 12-23.
    4. Yanyan Jia & Xiaolan Tang & Wei Liu, 2020. "Spatial–Temporal Evolution and Correlation Analysis of Ecosystem Service Value and Landscape Ecological Risk in Wuhu City," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-17, April.
    5. WANG, Hongming, 2025. "Quantifying the Mortality Consequences of Climate Change : Evidence from Japan," Discussion paper series HIAS-E-143, Hitotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study, Hitotsubashi University.
    6. Bellocca, Gian Pietro Enzo & Poncela, Pilar & Ruiz Ortega, Esther, 2024. "Extreme temperatures and the profitability of large European firms," DES - Working Papers. Statistics and Econometrics. WS 44217, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de Estadística.
    7. Tzen-Ying Ling, 2022. "Dynamic Flood Resilience Typology: A Systemic Transitional Adaptation from Peitou Plateau, Taiwan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-24, January.
    8. Darnhofer, Ika, 2021. "Resilience or how do we enable agricultural systems to ride the waves of unexpected change?," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    9. Parra-López, Carlos & Reina-Usuga, Liliana & Carmona-Torres, Carmen & Sayadi, Samir & Klerkx, Laurens, 2021. "Digital transformation of the agrifood system: Quantifying the conditioning factors to inform policy planning in the olive sector," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    10. Cuong Viet Nguyen & Manh‐Hung Nguyen & Toan Truong Nguyen, 2023. "The impact of cold waves and heat waves on mortality: Evidence from a lower middle‐income country," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(6), pages 1220-1243, June.
    11. Jiang, Guanghui & Wang, Mingzhu & Qu, Yanbo & Zhou, Dingyang & Ma, Wenqiu, 2020. "Towards cultivated land multifunction assessment in China: Applying the “influencing factors-functions-products-demands” integrated framework," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    12. Xueqing Yang & Yang Liu & Mei Wang & Alberto Bezama & Daniela Thrän, 2021. "Identifying the Necessities of Regional-Based Analysis to Study Germany’s Biogas Production Development under Energy Transition," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-20, February.
    13. De Juan Fernández, Aránzazu & Poncela, Pilar & Rodríguez Caballero, Carlos Vladimir & Ruiz Ortega, Esther, 2022. "Economic activity and climate change," DES - Working Papers. Statistics and Econometrics. WS 35044, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de Estadística.
    14. Jarrett, Uchechukwu & Miller, Steve & Mohtadi, Hamid, 2023. "Dry spells and global crop production: A multi-stressor and multi-timescale analysis," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).
    15. Yanbo Qu & Meijing Wu & Lingyun Zhan & Ran Shang, 2023. "Multifunctional Evolution and Allocation Optimization of Rural Residential Land in China," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-23, January.
    16. Gerlagh, Reyer, 2022. "Climate, Technology, Family Size; on the Crossroad between Two Ultimate Externalities," Other publications TiSEM b6d5b02f-4624-46fd-836a-b, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    17. Rebecca Mitchell & Roger Maull & Simon Pearson & Steve Brewer & Martin Collison, 2020. "The impact of COVID-19 on the UK fresh food supply chain," Papers 2006.00279, arXiv.org.
    18. Hajdu, Tamás, 2024. "Temperature exposure and sleep duration: Evidence from time use surveys," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    19. Weixu Li & Yanxia Ma & Yongqiang Liu & Yongfu Zhang, 2024. "Study on the Correlation between Ecological Service Value and Ecological Risk of Typical Mountain-Oasis-Desert Ecosystems: A Case Study of Aksu City in Northwest China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-21, May.
    20. Zhang, Yingnan & Long, Hualou & Chen, Shuocun & Ma, Li & Gan, Muye, 2023. "The development of multifunctional agriculture in farming regions of China: Convergence or divergence?," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
    21. Paolo Nota & Daniele Curzi & Oliver Ken Haase & Alessandro Olper, 2024. "The impact of heat waves on food industry productivity: Firm‐level evidence from Italy," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 75(3), pages 914-930, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:10:y:2021:i:7:p:739-:d:594384. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.