IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jjrfmx/v17y2024i1p31-d1318923.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

What Are the Differences in the Area of Profitability and Efficiency When Early and Late Adopters Are Analyzed Regarding the Basel III Leverage Ratio?

Author

Listed:
  • Martin Bolfek

    (Brunel Business School, Brunel University London, Kingston Ln, Uxbridge UB8 3PN, UK)

  • Karmen Prtenjača Mažer

    (Retail Collection Department, OTP Bank d.d., Domovinskog Rata 61, 21000 Split, Croatia)

  • Berislav Bolfek

    (Department of Economics, University of Zadar, Splitska 1, 23000 Zadar, Croatia)

Abstract

This research investigates whether banks that adopted new regulatory requirements earlier, such as Basel III, are more profitable, as well as more efficient, than banks that adopted these requirements later. In addition, all 138 banks are based in the G7 member countries, which are the most developed countries in the world. Also, banks are categorized into early and late adopters based on Basel III Leverage Ratio performance by using Fitch Connect. Moreover, profitability ratios, such as the Return on Equity, Return on Assets and efficiency ratio Operating Efficiency, were collected from Fitch Connect to analyze if early adopters were more profitable and efficient than the late adopters. Also, STATA is used to analyze descriptive statistics and a univariate analysis of both groups. Furthermore, the finding is that early adopters of the Basel III Leverage Ratio are not the more profitable or efficient firms compared to late adopters as anticipated. In addition, the results of early and late adopters do not differ that much in the analysis regarding profitability and efficiency ratios. This implies that it is not necessarily correct to assume that stricter regulation, such as Basel III, will negatively affect the profitability or efficiency of banks. In addition, these results are useful to regulators and policymakers of the G7 member countries for two reasons. Also, regulators can clearly see how banks are adopting new stricter regulation.

Suggested Citation

  • Martin Bolfek & Karmen Prtenjača Mažer & Berislav Bolfek, 2024. "What Are the Differences in the Area of Profitability and Efficiency When Early and Late Adopters Are Analyzed Regarding the Basel III Leverage Ratio?," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-17, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:17:y:2024:i:1:p:31-:d:1318923
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/17/1/31/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/17/1/31/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Beata Kocsis & Laszlo Seregdi, 2021. "Expected Impact of the Introduction of the Leverage Ratio at the Hungarian and EU Level," Financial and Economic Review, Magyar Nemzeti Bank (Central Bank of Hungary), vol. 20(2), pages 5-32.
    2. Lukáš Pfeifer & Zdeněk Pikhart, 2019. "Leverage Ratio and its Potential For Enhancing the Effectiveness of Capital Regulation," Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice, Central bank of Montenegro, vol. 8(2), pages 129-146.
    3. Roulet, Caroline, 2018. "Basel III: Effects of capital and liquidity regulations on European bank lending," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 26-46.
    4. Barth, Andreas & Seckinger, Christian, 2018. "Capital regulation with heterogeneous banks – Unintended consequences of a too strict leverage ratio," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 455-465.
    5. Ben Naceur, S. & Marton, Katherin & Roulet, Caroline, 2018. "Basel III and bank-lending: Evidence from the United States and Europe," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 1-27.
    6. Olga Golubeva & Michel Duljic & Ripsa Keminen, 2019. "The Impact of Liquidity Risk On Bank Profitability: Some Empirical Evidence from The European Banks Following the Introduction of Basel III Regulations," Journal of Accounting and Management Information Systems, Faculty of Accounting and Management Information Systems, The Bucharest University of Economic Studies, vol. 18(4), pages 455-485, December.
    7. Ayodeji Michael Obadire & Vusani Moyo & Ntungufhadzeni Freddy Munzhelele, 2022. "Basel III Capital Regulations and Bank Efficiency: Evidence from Selected African Countries," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-22, July.
    8. Vighneswara Swamy, 2018. "Basel III capital regulations and bank profitability," Review of Financial Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 36(4), pages 307-320, October.
    9. Jutasompakorn, Pearpilai & Lim, Chu Yeong & Ranasinghe, Tharindra & Ow Yong, Kevin, 2021. "Impact of Basel III on the discretion and timeliness of Banks’ loan loss provisions," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 17(2).
    10. Liu, Guangling & Molise, Thabang, 2019. "Housing and credit market shocks: Exploring the role of rule-based Basel III counter-cyclical capital requirements," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 264-279.
    11. Allahrakha, Meraj & Cetina, Jill & Munyan, Benjamin, 2018. "Do higher capital standards always reduce bank risk? The impact of the Basel leverage ratio on the U.S. triparty repo market," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 3-16.
    12. Faozi A. Almaqtari & Eissa A. Al‐Homaidi & Mosab I. Tabash & Najib H. Farhan, 2019. "The determinants of profitability of Indian commercial banks: A panel data approach," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 24(1), pages 168-185, January.
    13. Barth, James R. & Miller, Stephen Matteo, 2018. "Benefits and costs of a higher bank “leverage ratio”," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 37-52.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Kévin Spinassou & Carole Haritchabalet & Laetitia Lepetit, 2020. "Le ratio de levier comme renforcement des fonds propres : une analyse empirique des conséquences sur le risque et le crédit bancaires," Working Papers hal-02546283, HAL.
    2. Simona Malovaná & Dominika Ehrenbergerová, 2022. "The effect of higher capital requirements on bank lending: the capital surplus matters," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 49(3), pages 793-832, August.
    3. Retselisitsoe I. Thamae & Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2022. "The impact of bank regulation on bank lending: a review of international literature," Journal of Banking Regulation, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 23(4), pages 405-418, December.
    4. Stewart, Robert & Chowdhury, Murshed & Arjoon, Vaalmikki, 2021. "Interdependencies between regulatory capital, credit extension and economic growth," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
    5. Kasim Ahmed & Giovanni Calice, 2023. "The effects of supervisory stress testing on bank lending: examining large UK banks," Journal of Banking Regulation, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 24(2), pages 228-247, June.
    6. Farouq Altahtamouni & Shikhah Alyousef, 2021. "The Effect of Liquidity According to the Requirements of the Basel III Committee on the Profitability of Banks: Evidence from Saudi Banks," International Journal of Economics & Business Administration (IJEBA), International Journal of Economics & Business Administration (IJEBA), vol. 0(2), pages 439-463.
    7. Economou, Fotini & Panagopoulos, Yannis, 2023. "Assessing the credit creation process under the Basel III framework: Some evidence from the Eurozone," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    8. Neamtu, Ioana & Vo, Quynh-Anh, 2021. "Capital allocation, the leverage ratio requirement," Bank of England working papers 956, Bank of England.
    9. Martin Birn & Olivier de Bandt & Simon Firestone & Matías Gutiérrez Girault & Diana Hancock & Tord Krogh & Hitoshi Mio & Donald P. Morgan & Ajay Palvia & Valerio Scalone & Michael Straughan & Arzu Ulu, 2020. "The Costs and Benefits of Bank Capital—A Review of the Literature," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-25, April.
    10. E Philip Davis & Dilruba Karim & Dennison Noel, 2020. "The Effects of Macroprudential Policy on Banks' Profitability," National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) Discussion Papers 514, National Institute of Economic and Social Research.
    11. Gulan, Adam & Jokivuolle, Esa & Verona, Fabio, 2022. "Optimal bank capital requirements: What do the macroeconomic models say?," BoF Economics Review 2/2022, Bank of Finland.
    12. Simona Malovana & Martin Hodula & Josef Bajzik & Zuzana Gric, 2021. "A Tale of Different Capital Ratios: How to Correctly Assess the Impact of Capital Regulation on Lending," Working Papers 2021/8, Czech National Bank.
    13. Jiang, Haiyun & Xu, Shulin & Cui, Jingwen & Subhani, Ghulam, 2023. "The impact of bank capital, liquidity and funding liquidity on sustainable bank lending: Evidence from MENA region," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 713-726.
    14. Davis, E. Philip & Karim, Dilruba & Noel, Dennison, 2022. "The effects of macroprudential policy on banks' profitability," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    15. Damilola Oyetade & Adefemi A. Obalade & Paul-Francois Muzindutsi, 2023. "Basel IV capital requirements and the performance of commercial banks in Africa," Journal of Banking Regulation, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 24(1), pages 1-14, March.
    16. Ambrocio, Gene & Hasan, Iftekhar & Jokivuolle, Esa & Ristolainen, Kim, 2020. "Are bank capital requirements optimally set? Evidence from researchers’ views," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    17. Douglas da Rosa München & Herbert Kimura, 2020. "Regulatory Banking Leverage: what do you know?," Working Papers Series 540, Central Bank of Brazil, Research Department.
    18. Nina Boyarchenko & Leonardo Elias & Philippe Mueller, 2019. "Corporate Credit Provision," Staff Reports 895, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
    19. Aref Mahdavi Ardekani, 2020. "Liquidity, Interbank Network Topology and Bank Capital," Post-Print halshs-02967226, HAL.
    20. Ambrocio, Gene & Hasan, Iftekhar & Jokivuolle, Esa & Ristolainen, Kim, 2020. "Are bank capital requirements optimally set? Evidence from researchers’ views," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:17:y:2024:i:1:p:31-:d:1318923. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.