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Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria (Enteropathogens) Recovered from a Blend of Pig Manure and Pinewood Saw Dust during Anaerobic Co-Digestion in a Steel Biodigester

Author

Listed:
  • Christy Echakachi Manyi-Loh

    (Centre of Applied Food Sustainability and Biotechnology (CAFSaB), Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa)

  • Anthony Ifeanyin Okoh

    (SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
    Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates)

  • Ryk Lues

    (Centre of Applied Food Sustainability and Biotechnology (CAFSaB), Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa)

Abstract

South Africa adopts intensive livestock farming, embracing the employment of huge quantities of antibiotics to meet the increased demand for meat. Therefore, bacteria occurring in the animal products and manure might develop antibiotic resistance, a scenario which threatens public health. The study investigated the occurrence of Gram-negative bacteria from eighteen pooled samples withdrawn from a single-stage steel biodigester co-digesting pig manure (75%) and pine wood saw dust (25%). The viable counts for each bacterium were determined using the spread plate technique. The bacterial isolates were characterised based on cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics, using the Analytical Profile Index 20 e test kit. In addition, isolates were characterised based on susceptibility to 14 conventional antibiotics via the disc diffusion method. The MAR index was calculated for each bacterial isolate. The bacterial counts ranged from 10 4 to 10 6 cfu/mL, indicating manure as a potential source of contamination. Overall, 159 bacterial isolates were recovered, which displayed diverse susceptibility patterns with marked sensitivity to amoxicillin (100% E . coli ), streptomycin (96.15% for Yersinia spp.; 93.33% for Salmonella spp.) and 75% Campylobacter spp. to nitrofurantoin. Varying resistance rates were equally observed, but a common resistance was demonstrated to erythromycin (100% of Salmonella and Yersinia spp.), 90.63% of E . coli and 78.57% of Campylobacter spp . A total of 91.19% of the bacterial isolates had a MAR index > 0.2, represented by 94 MAR phenotypes. The findings revealed multidrug resistance in bacteria from the piggery source, suggesting they can contribute immensely to the spread of multidrug resistance; thus, it serves as a pointer to the need for the enforcement of regulatory antibiotic use in piggery farms. Therefore, to curb the level of multidrug resistance, the piggery farm should implement control measures in the study area.

Suggested Citation

  • Christy Echakachi Manyi-Loh & Anthony Ifeanyin Okoh & Ryk Lues, 2023. "Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria (Enteropathogens) Recovered from a Blend of Pig Manure and Pinewood Saw Dust during Anaerobic Co-Digestion in a Steel Biodigester," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-18, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:2:p:984-:d:1026022
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Christy E. Manyi-Loh & Sampson N. Mamphweli & Edson L. Meyer & Anthony I. Okoh & Golden Makaka & Michael Simon, 2014. "Inactivation of Selected Bacterial Pathogens in Dairy Cattle Manure by Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion (Balloon Type Digester)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-11, July.
    2. Jiang, Y. & Xie, S.H. & Dennehy, C. & Lawlor, P.G. & Hu, Z.H. & Wu, G.X. & Zhan, X.M. & Gardiner, G.E., 2020. "Inactivation of pathogens in anaerobic digestion systems for converting biowastes to bioenergy: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    3. Claas Kirchhelle, 2018. "Pharming animals: a global history of antibiotics in food production (1935–2017)," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 4(1), pages 1-13, December.
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