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A Review of the Relationship between Socioeconomic Status Change and Health

Author

Listed:
  • Caroline Barakat

    (Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St. N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada)

  • Theodore Konstantinidis

    (Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St. N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada)

Abstract

Objectives: This review aimed to identify and synthesize the existing literature on the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) changes on health. Methods: A review was conducted using Medline, Cochrane library, and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature). All longitudinal or cross-sectional studies that examined links between changes to SES across different time periods and measured health outcomes were included. Screening was conducted using select inclusion and exclusion criteria in order of title, abstract, and full text. Two independent reviewers assessed the quality of the full text articles using the Downs and Black checklist. Results: Our literature search led to 2719 peer reviewed articles, 2639 of which were title screened after duplicates were removed. A total of 117 abstracts and 12 full text articles were screened. Overall, findings from 11 articles form the basis of this review. Eight different types of measures of changes to SES were identified. These include education, occupation, economic security, income sufficiency, home ownership, car ownership, health insurance, and marital status. Assessed outcomes included measures related to physical health, cardiovascular disease, mental health, and oral health. A large proportion of studies found that an SES change impacts health. Evidence suggests that those with consistently high SES have the best health outcomes, followed by those who report their SES change from low to high (upward social mobility). Evidence on the relative health effects for those who report their SES change from high to low (downward social mobility) compared to those who report consistently low SES is inconsistent. Conclusion: Current evidence suggests that an SES change has an impact on an individual’s health. More research on the effects of SES changes on health outcomes in adulthood is needed and can inform various areas of health research including health resiliency and development. Future studies should focus on individual SES indicators and their effects on health outcomes at multiple points throughout life.

Suggested Citation

  • Caroline Barakat & Theodore Konstantinidis, 2023. "A Review of the Relationship between Socioeconomic Status Change and Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(13), pages 1-13, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:13:p:6249-:d:1182573
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Winkleby, M.A. & Jatulis, D.E. & Frank, E. & Fortmann, S.P., 1992. "Socioeconomic status and health: How education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 82(6), pages 816-820.
    2. Suzy Newton & Dejana Braithwaite & Tomi F Akinyemiju, 2017. "Socio-economic status over the life course and obesity: Systematic review and meta-analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(5), pages 1-15, May.
    3. Nancy Krieger & Jarvis T Chen & Brent A Coull & Joe V Selby, 2005. "Lifetime Socioeconomic Position and Twins' Health: An Analysis of 308 Pairs of United States Women Twins," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 2(7), pages 1-1, July.
    4. Ball, Kylie & Crawford, David, 2005. "Socioeconomic status and weight change in adults: a review," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 60(9), pages 1987-2010, May.
    5. Goodman, E. & Slap, G.B. & Huang, B., 2003. "The Public Health Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Adolescent Depression and Obesity," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 93(11), pages 1844-1850.
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