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Cross-Lagged Associations between Depressive Symptoms and Response Style in Adolescents

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  • Kim M. van Ettekoven

    (Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, GGZ Oost Brabant, P.O. Box 3, 5427 ZG Boekel, The Netherland
    Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Rotterdam, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands)

  • Sanne P. A. Rasing

    (Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, GGZ Oost Brabant, P.O. Box 3, 5427 ZG Boekel, The Netherland
    Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80125, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands)

  • Ad A. Vermulst

    (Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, GGZ Oost Brabant, P.O. Box 3, 5427 ZG Boekel, The Netherland)

  • Rutger C. M. E. Engels

    (Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Rotterdam, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands)

  • Karlijn C. M. Kindt

    (Academic Anxiety Centre, Altrecht, P.O. Box 85314, 3508 AH Utrecht, The Netherlands)

  • Daan H. M. Creemers

    (Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, GGZ Oost Brabant, P.O. Box 3, 5427 ZG Boekel, The Netherland
    Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands)

Abstract

Depressive disorders are highly prevalent during adolescence and they are a major concern for individuals and society. The Response Style Theory and the Scar Theory both suggest a relationship between response styles and depressive symptoms, but the theories differ in the order of the development of depressive symptoms. Longitudinal reciprocal prospective relationships between depressive symptoms and response styles were examined in a community sample of 1343 adolescents. Additionally, response style was constructed with the traditional approach, which involves examining three response styles separately without considering the possible relations between them, and with the ratio approach, which accounts for all three response styles simultaneously. No reciprocal relationships between depressive symptoms and response style were found over time. Only longitudinal relationships between response style and depressive symptoms were significant. This study found that only depressive symptoms predicted response style, whereas the response style did not emerge as an important underlying mechanism responsible for developing and maintaining depressive symptoms in adolescents. These findings imply that prevention and intervention programs for adolescents with low depressive symptoms should not focus on adaptive and maladaptive response style strategies to decrease depressive symptoms, but should focus more on behavioral interventions.

Suggested Citation

  • Kim M. van Ettekoven & Sanne P. A. Rasing & Ad A. Vermulst & Rutger C. M. E. Engels & Karlijn C. M. Kindt & Daan H. M. Creemers, 2020. "Cross-Lagged Associations between Depressive Symptoms and Response Style in Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-20, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:4:p:1380-:d:323323
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jason M. Fletcher, 2008. "Adolescent depression: diagnosis, treatment, and educational attainment," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 17(11), pages 1215-1235.
    2. Karlijn C. M. Kindt & Marloes Kleinjan & Jan M. A. M. Janssens & Ron H. J. Scholte, 2014. "Evaluation of a School-Based Depression Prevention Program among Adolescents from Low-Income Areas: A Randomized Controlled Effectiveness Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-21, May.
    3. Jason M. Fletcher, 2008. "Adolescent depression: diagnosis, treatment, and educational attainment," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 17(11), pages 1215-1235, November.
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