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Assessing the Relative Impact of Diverse Stressors among Public Safety Personnel

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  • R. Nicholas Carleton

    (Department of Psychology, Anxiety and Illness Behaviours Laboratory, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada)

  • Tracie O. Afifi

    (Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada)

  • Tamara Taillieu

    (Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada)

  • Sarah Turner

    (Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada)

  • Julia E. Mason

    (Department of Psychology, Anxiety and Illness Behaviours Laboratory, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada)

  • Rosemary Ricciardelli

    (Department of Sociology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada)

  • Donald R. McCreary

    (Donald McCreary Scientific Consulting, Vancouver Island, BC V9K 2R8, Canada)

  • Adam D. Vaughan

    (Office of Applied Research and Graduate Studies, Justice Institute of British Columbia, New Westminster, BC V3L 5T4, Canada)

  • Gregory S. Anderson

    (Office of Applied Research and Graduate Studies, Justice Institute of British Columbia, New Westminster, BC V3L 5T4, Canada)

  • Rachel L. Krakauer

    (Department of Psychology, Anxiety and Illness Behaviours Laboratory, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada)

  • Elizabeth A. Donnelly

    (School of Social Work, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9A 0C5, Canada)

  • Ronald D. Camp

    (Hill-Levene Schools of Business, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada)

  • Dianne Groll

    (Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada)

  • Heidi A. Cramm

    (Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada)

  • Renée S. MacPhee

    (Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada)

  • Curt T. Griffiths

    (School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada)

Abstract

Public Safety Personnel (PSP; e.g., correctional workers and officers, firefighters, paramedics, police officers, and public safety communications officials (e.g., call center operators/dispatchers)) are regularly exposed to potentially psychologically traumatic events (PPTEs). PSP also experience other occupational stressors, including organizational (e.g., staff shortages, inconsistent leadership styles) and operational elements (e.g., shift work, public scrutiny). The current research quantified occupational stressors across PSP categories and assessed for relationships with PPTEs and mental health disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression). The participants were 4820 PSP (31.7% women) responding to established self-report measures for PPTEs, occupational stressors, and mental disorder symptoms. PPTEs and occupational stressors were associated with mental health disorder symptoms ( p s < 0.001). PSP reported substantial difficulties with occupational stressors associated with mental health disorder symptoms, even after accounting for diverse PPTE exposures. PPTEs may be inevitable for PSP and are related to mental health; however, leadership style, organizational engagement, stigma, sleep, and social environment are modifiable variables that appear significantly related to mental health.

Suggested Citation

  • R. Nicholas Carleton & Tracie O. Afifi & Tamara Taillieu & Sarah Turner & Julia E. Mason & Rosemary Ricciardelli & Donald R. McCreary & Adam D. Vaughan & Gregory S. Anderson & Rachel L. Krakauer & Eli, 2020. "Assessing the Relative Impact of Diverse Stressors among Public Safety Personnel," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-25, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:4:p:1234-:d:320662
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Shane, Jon M., 2010. "Organizational stressors and police performance," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 38(4), pages 807-818, July.
    2. Cary L. Cooper & Judi Marshall, 2013. "Occupational Sources of Stress: A Review of the Literature Relating to Coronary Heart Disease and Mental Ill Health," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Cary L. Cooper (ed.), From Stress to Wellbeing Volume 1, chapter 1, pages 3-23, Palgrave Macmillan.
    3. Shinichi Nakagawa, 2004. "A farewell to Bonferroni: the problems of low statistical power and publication bias," Behavioral Ecology, International Society for Behavioral Ecology, vol. 15(6), pages 1044-1045, November.
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    Cited by:

    1. Heidi Cramm & Rachel Richmond & Laleh Jamshidi & Megan Edgelow & Dianne Groll & Rose Ricciardelli & Joy Christine MacDermid & Michael Keiley & R. Nicholas Carleton, 2021. "Mental Health of Canadian Firefighters: The Impact of Sleep," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-14, December.
    2. Katie L. Andrews & Laleh Jamshidi & Jolan Nisbet & Taylor A. Teckchandani & Jill A. B. Price & Rosemary Ricciardelli & Gregory S. Anderson & R. Nicholas Carleton, 2022. "Mental Health Training, Attitudes toward Support, and Screening Positive for Mental Disorders among Canadian Coast Guard and Conservation and Protection Officers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-16, November.
    3. Megan Edgelow & Emma Scholefield & Matthew McPherson & Kathleen Legassick & Jessica Novecosky, 2022. "Organizational Factors and Their Impact on Mental Health in Public Safety Organizations," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-34, October.
    4. Gregory S. Anderson & Rosemary Ricciardelli & Linna Tam-Seto & Sulaimon Giwa & R. Nicholas Carleton, 2022. "Self-Reported Coping Strategies for Managing Work-Related Stress among Public Safety Personnel," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-14, February.
    5. Katy Konyk & Rosemary Ricciardelli & Tamara Taillieu & Tracie O. Afifi & Dianne Groll & R. Nicholas Carleton, 2021. "Assessing Relative Stressors and Mental Disorders among Canadian Provincial Correctional Workers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-25, September.
    6. Justin Mausz & Elizabeth Anne Donnelly & Sandra Moll & Sheila Harms & Meghan McConnell, 2022. "Mental Disorder Symptoms and the Relationship with Resilience among Paramedics in a Single Canadian Site," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-14, April.
    7. Rosemary Ricciardelli & Stephen Czarnuch & R. Nicholas Carleton & James Gacek & James Shewmake, 2020. "Canadian Public Safety Personnel and Occupational Stressors: How PSP Interpret Stressors on Duty," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-16, July.
    8. Janine D. Beahm & Caeleigh A. Landry & Hugh C. McCall & R. Nicholas Carleton & Heather D. Hadjistavropoulos, 2022. "Understanding and Addressing Occupational Stressors in Internet-Delivered Therapy for Public Safety Personnel: A Qualitative Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-18, April.
    9. Andrea M. Stelnicki & Laleh Jamshidi & Tamara L. Taillieu & R. Nicholas Carleton & Tracie O. Afifi, 2022. "Mental Health and Well-Being among Children of Public Safety Personnel in Canada," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-11, October.
    10. Katie L. Andrews & Laleh Jamshidi & Jolan Nisbet & Taylor A. Teckchandani & Jill A. B. Price & Rosemary Ricciardelli & Gregory S. Anderson & R. Nicholas Carleton, 2022. "Exposures to Potentially Psychologically Traumatic Events among Canadian Coast Guard and Conservation and Protection Officers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-19, November.
    11. Cristina Queirós & Fernando Passos & Ana Bártolo & Sara Faria & Sílvia Monteiro Fonseca & António José Marques & Carlos F. Silva & Anabela Pereira, 2020. "Job Stress, Burnout and Coping in Police Officers: Relationships and Psychometric Properties of the Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-19, September.
    12. Rosemary Ricciardelli & R. Nicholas Carleton & Barbara Anschuetz & Sylvio Gravel & Brad McKay, 2022. "Testifying after an Investigation: Shaping the Mental Health of Public Safety Personnel," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-8, October.
    13. Andréanne Angehrn & Michelle J. N. Teale Sapach & Rosemary Ricciardelli & Renée S. MacPhee & Gregory S. Anderson & R. Nicholas Carleton, 2020. "Sleep Quality and Mental Disorder Symptoms among Canadian Public Safety Personnel," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-14, April.
    14. Cristiane S. C. Araújo & Ruth Minamisava & Marcos A. Matos & Camila C. F. Vieira & Priscila V. O. Vitorino & Dolors Rodríguez-Martín & Neuma Chaveiro & Lizete M. A. C. Oliveira & Virginia V. Brasil & , 2020. "Associated Factors of Quality of Life in Prison Officers, Brazil," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(10), pages 1-12, May.
    15. Katie L. Andrews & Laleh Jamshidi & Jolan Nisbet & Taylor A. Teckchandani & Jill A. B. Price & Rosemary Ricciardelli & Gregory S. Anderson & R. Nicholas Carleton, 2022. "Assessing the Relative Impact of Diverse Stressors among Canadian Coast Guard and Conservation and Protection Officers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-20, December.
    16. Eileen Huang & Nicole E. Edgar & Sarah E. MacLean & Simon Hatcher, 2022. "Workplace Assessment Scale: Pilot Validation Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-15, September.
    17. Liana Lentz & Lorraine Smith-MacDonald & David C. Malloy & Gregory S. Anderson & Shadi Beshai & Rosemary Ricciardelli & Suzette Bremault-Phillips & R. Nicholas Carleton, 2022. "A Qualitative Analysis of the Mental Health Training and Educational Needs of Firefighters, Paramedics, and Public Safety Communicators in Canada," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-19, June.
    18. Hugh McCall & Janine Beahm & Caeleigh Landry & Ziyin Huang & R. Nicholas Carleton & Heather Hadjistavropoulos, 2020. "How Have Public Safety Personnel Seeking Digital Mental Healthcare Been Affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic? An Exploratory Mixed Methods Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-11, December.
    19. Robyn E. Shields & Stephanie Korol & R. Nicholas Carleton & Megan McElheran & Andrea M. Stelnicki & Dianne Groll & Gregory S. Anderson, 2021. "Brief Mental Health Disorder Screening Questionnaires and Use with Public Safety Personnel: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-30, April.
    20. Katie L. Andrews & Laleh Jamshidi & Jolan Nisbet & Taylor A. Teckchandani & Jill A. B. Price & Rosemary Ricciardelli & Gregory S. Anderson & R. Nicholas Carleton, 2022. "Mental Health Disorder Symptoms among Canadian Coast Guard and Conservation and Protection Officers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-15, November.
    21. Andréanne Angehrn & Amber J. Fletcher & R. Nicholas Carleton, 2021. "“Suck It Up, Buttercup”: Understanding and Overcoming Gender Disparities in Policing," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-16, July.
    22. Jill A. B. Price & Adeyemi O. Ogunade & Amber J. Fletcher & Rosemary Ricciardelli & Gregory S. Anderson & Heidi Cramm & R. Nicholas Carleton, 2022. "Peer Support for Public Safety Personnel in Canada: Towards a Typology," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-11, April.
    23. Jolan Nisbet & Laleh Jamshidi & Katie L. Andrews & Taylor A. Teckchandani & Jill A. B. Price & Rosemary Ricciardelli & Gregory S. Anderson & R. Nicholas Carleton, 2022. "Suicidal Ideation, Planning, and Attempts among Canadian Coast Guard and Conservation and Protection Officers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-14, December.

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