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Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Common Air Pollutants at Wajima, a Remote Background Site in Japan

Author

Listed:
  • Xuan Zhang

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Lulu Zhang

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Lu Yang

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Quanyu Zhou

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Wanli Xing

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Akira Toriba

    (Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Kazuichi Hayakawa

    (Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma- machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Yongjie Wei

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China)

  • Ning Tang

    (Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
    Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma- machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

Abstract

Background : Background sites are mainly affected by long-range-transported air pollutants, resulting in potential adverse effects on local atmospheric environments. A 4–5 year observational study was conducted to illustrate the air pollution profile at the Kanazawa University Wajima air monitoring station (KUWAMS), an ideal remote background site in Japan. Methods : Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the particulate phase and various air pollutants were continuously monitored for 4–5 years. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs and back-trajectory analysis were applied to trace the possible sources of the air pollutants collected at the sampling site. Results : The atmospheric concentration of PAHs in the atmosphere at the site decreased from 2014 to 2019, benefit from the predominant air pollution control policy in China and Japan. Common air pollutants including sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), ozone, methane (CH 4 ), and non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) were detected in low concentrations from 2016 to 2019, while ozone (O 3 ) and particulate matter (PM 2.5 , PM with a diameter less than 2.5 μm) were present in high levels that exceeded the Japanese standards. Most air pollutants peaked in spring and showed evident diurnal variations in spring and summer. Conclusions : This is the first study to clarify the atmospheric behaviors of multiple air pollutants at a background site in Japan. Significant external air pollutant impact and unneglectable air pollution were demonstrated at KUWAMS, indicating the importance of studying atmospheric pollution at remote sites.

Suggested Citation

  • Xuan Zhang & Lulu Zhang & Lu Yang & Quanyu Zhou & Wanli Xing & Akira Toriba & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Yongjie Wei & Ning Tang, 2020. "Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Common Air Pollutants at Wajima, a Remote Background Site in Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-16, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:3:p:957-:d:316289
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Yan Wang & Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Pengchu Bai & Andrey Neroda & Vassily F. Mishukov & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Seiya Nagao & Ning Tang, 2022. "PM-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air of Vladivostok: Seasonal Variation, Sources, Health Risk Assessment and Long-Term Variability," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-13, March.
    2. Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Lulu Zhang & Ning Tang, 2022. "Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Emitted from Open Burning and Stove Burning of Biomass: A Brief Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-17, March.
    3. Lu Yang & Quanyu Zhou & Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Masahito Yamauchi & Tetsuji Chohji & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira Toriba & Ning Tang, 2021. "Atmospheric Behaviour of Polycyclic and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in Winter in Kirishima, a Typical Japanese Commercial City," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-14, January.
    4. Xuan Zhang & Lu Yang & Hao Zhang & Wanli Xing & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira Toriba & Yongjie Wei & Ning Tang, 2021. "Assessing Approaches of Human Inhalation Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-14, March.
    5. Lu Yang & Lulu Zhang & Hao Zhang & Quanyu Zhou & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Akinori Takami & Kei Sato & Atsushi Shimizu & Ayako Yoshino & Naoki Kaneyasu & Atsushi Matsuki & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira To, 2020. "Comparative Analysis of PM 2.5 -Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions (WSIIs) at Two Background Sites in Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-16, November.
    6. Lu Yang & Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira Toriba & Ning Tang, 2021. "Exposure to Atmospheric Particulate Matter-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Health Effects: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-25, February.

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