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Comparative Analysis of PM 2.5 -Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions (WSIIs) at Two Background Sites in Japan

Author

Listed:
  • Lu Yang

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Lulu Zhang

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Hao Zhang

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Quanyu Zhou

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Xuan Zhang

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Wanli Xing

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Akinori Takami

    (National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan)

  • Kei Sato

    (National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan)

  • Atsushi Shimizu

    (National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan)

  • Ayako Yoshino

    (National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan)

  • Naoki Kaneyasu

    (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan)

  • Atsushi Matsuki

    (Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Kazuichi Hayakawa

    (Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Akira Toriba

    (Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Ning Tang

    (Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
    Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

Abstract

Daily PM 2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) samples were simultaneously collected at two background sites (Wajima Air Monitoring Station (WAMS) and Fukue-Jima Atmosphere and Aerosol Monitoring Station (FAMS)) in Japan in the East Asian winter and summer monsoon periods of 2017 and 2019, to compare the characteristics of air pollutants among different regions and to determine the possible variation during the long-range transport process. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) were analyzed. Despite the PM 2.5 concentrations at FAMS (8.90–78.5 µg/m 3 ) being higher than those at WAMS (2.33–21.2 µg/m 3 ) in the winter monsoon period, the average concentrations of ∑PAHs, ∑NPAHs, and ∑WSIIs were similar between the two sites. Diagnostic ratios indicated PAHs mainly originated from traffic emissions and mostly aged, whereas NPAHs were mostly secondarily formed during long-range transport. WSIIs at WAMS were mainly formed via the combustion process and secondary reactions, whereas those at FAMS mainly originated from sea salt and dust. Backward trajectories revealed the air masses could not only come from Asian continental coastal regions but also distant landlocked areas in the winter monsoon period, whereas most came from the ocean in the summer monsoon period. These findings can provide basic data for the establishment of prediction models of transboundary air pollutants in East Asia.

Suggested Citation

  • Lu Yang & Lulu Zhang & Hao Zhang & Quanyu Zhou & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Akinori Takami & Kei Sato & Atsushi Shimizu & Ayako Yoshino & Naoki Kaneyasu & Atsushi Matsuki & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira To, 2020. "Comparative Analysis of PM 2.5 -Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions (WSIIs) at Two Background Sites in Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-16, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:21:p:8224-:d:441208
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Xuan Zhang & Lulu Zhang & Lu Yang & Quanyu Zhou & Wanli Xing & Akira Toriba & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Yongjie Wei & Ning Tang, 2020. "Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Common Air Pollutants at Wajima, a Remote Background Site in Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-16, February.
    2. Wanli Xing & Lulu Zhang & Lu Yang & Quanyu Zhou & Xuan Zhang & Akira Toriba & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Ning Tang, 2020. "Characteristics of PM 2.5 -Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at A Roadside Air Pollution Monitoring Station in Kanazawa, Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-11, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Yan Wang & Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Pengchu Bai & Andrey Neroda & Vassily F. Mishukov & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Seiya Nagao & Ning Tang, 2022. "PM-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air of Vladivostok: Seasonal Variation, Sources, Health Risk Assessment and Long-Term Variability," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-13, March.
    2. Lu Yang & Quanyu Zhou & Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Masahito Yamauchi & Tetsuji Chohji & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira Toriba & Ning Tang, 2021. "Atmospheric Behaviour of Polycyclic and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in Winter in Kirishima, a Typical Japanese Commercial City," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-14, January.
    3. Hao Zhang & Lu Yang & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Lulu Zhang & Ying Li & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira Toriba & Ning Tang, 2021. "Characteristics and Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-PAHs in Xinxiang, China in 2015 and 2017," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-14, March.
    4. Lu Yang & Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira Toriba & Ning Tang, 2021. "Exposure to Atmospheric Particulate Matter-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Health Effects: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-25, February.

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