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Sources and Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Total Suspended Particles in Ulaanbaatar City, Mongolia

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  • Batdelger Byambaa

    (Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
    Department of Environment and Forest engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia)

  • Lu Yang

    (Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan)

  • Atsushi Matsuki

    (Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Edward G. Nagato

    (Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Khongor Gankhuyag

    (Department of Environment and Forest engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia)

  • Byambatseren Chuluunpurev

    (Department of Environment and Forest engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia)

  • Lkhagvajargal Banzragch

    (Department of Environment and Forest engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia)

  • Sonomdagva Chonokhuu

    (Department of Environment and Forest engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia)

  • Ning Tang

    (Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

  • Kazuichi Hayakawa

    (Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan)

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify pollution sources by characterizing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from total suspended particles in Ulaanbaatar City. Fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were measured in total suspended particle samples collected from different sites, such as the urban center, industrial district and ger (Mongolian traditional house) areas, and residential areas both in heating (January, March), and non-heating (September) periods in 2017. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration ranged between 131 and 773 ng·m −3 in winter, 22.2 and 530.6 ng·m −3 in spring, and between 1.4 and 54.6 ng·m −3 in autumn. Concentrations of specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as phenanthrene were higher in the ger area in winter and spring seasons, and the pyrene concentration was dominant in late summer in the residential area. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations in the ger area were particularly higher than the other sites, especially in winter. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ratios indicated that vehicle emissions were likely the main source at the city center in the winter time. Mixed contributions from biomass, coal, and petroleum combustion were responsible for the particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution at other sampling sites during the whole observation period. The lifetime inhalation cancer risk values in the ger area due to winter pollution were estimated to be 1.2 × 10 −5 and 2.1 × 10 −5 for child and adult exposures, respectively, which significantly exceed Environmental Protection Agency guidelines.

Suggested Citation

  • Batdelger Byambaa & Lu Yang & Atsushi Matsuki & Edward G. Nagato & Khongor Gankhuyag & Byambatseren Chuluunpurev & Lkhagvajargal Banzragch & Sonomdagva Chonokhuu & Ning Tang & Kazuichi Hayakawa, 2019. "Sources and Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Total Suspended Particles in Ulaanbaatar City, Mongolia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-16, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:3:p:442-:d:203185
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Minkyung Kang & Kiae Kim & Narae Choi & Yong Pyo Kim & Ji Yi Lee, 2020. "Recent Occurrence of PAHs and n-Alkanes in PM2.5 in Seoul, Korea and Characteristics of Their Sources and Toxicity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-17, February.
    2. Takashi Kubo & Wenzhi Bai & Masaki Nagae & Yuji Takao, 2020. "Seasonal Fluctuation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Aerosol Genotoxicity in Long-Range Transported Air Mass Observed at the Western End of Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-15, February.
    3. Rodrigo Mundo & Tetsuya Matsunaka & Hisanori Iwai & Shouzo Ogiso & Nobuo Suzuki & Ning Tang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Seiya Nagao, 2020. "Interannual Survey on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Seawater of North Nanao Bay, Ishikawa, Japan, from 2015 to 2018: Sources, Pathways and Ecological Risk Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-15, February.
    4. Yan Wang & Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Pengchu Bai & Andrey Neroda & Vassily F. Mishukov & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Seiya Nagao & Ning Tang, 2022. "PM-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air of Vladivostok: Seasonal Variation, Sources, Health Risk Assessment and Long-Term Variability," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-13, March.
    5. Nor Ashikin Sopian & Juliana Jalaludin & Suhaili Abu Bakar & Titi Rahmawati Hamedon & Mohd Talib Latif, 2021. "Exposure to Particulate PAHs on Potential Genotoxicity and Cancer Risk among School Children Living Near the Petrochemical Industry," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-20, March.
    6. Kaywood Elijah Leizou & Gift Cornelius Timighe & Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf, 2022. "Pah Exposition And Carcinogenicity Risk Evaluation In Soils From Niger Delta, Nigeria," Environmental Contaminants Reviews (ECR), Zibeline International Publishing, vol. 5(1), pages 35-39, March.
    7. Lu Yang & Quanyu Zhou & Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Masahito Yamauchi & Tetsuji Chohji & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira Toriba & Ning Tang, 2021. "Atmospheric Behaviour of Polycyclic and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in Winter in Kirishima, a Typical Japanese Commercial City," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-14, January.
    8. Lu Yang & Lulu Zhang & Hao Zhang & Quanyu Zhou & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Akinori Takami & Kei Sato & Atsushi Shimizu & Ayako Yoshino & Naoki Kaneyasu & Atsushi Matsuki & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira To, 2020. "Comparative Analysis of PM 2.5 -Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions (WSIIs) at Two Background Sites in Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-16, November.
    9. Lu Yang & Hao Zhang & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Yan Wang & Pengchu Bai & Lulu Zhang & Kazuichi Hayakawa & Akira Toriba & Ning Tang, 2021. "Exposure to Atmospheric Particulate Matter-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Health Effects: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-25, February.
    10. Kaywood Elijah Leizou & Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf, 2022. "Profile Composition And Risk Evaluation Of Pahs In Borehole Water From Amassoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria," Environmental Contaminants Reviews (ECR), Zibeline International Publishing, vol. 5(1), pages 23-30, March.

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