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Levels, Sources and Toxicity Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at an Island Site in the Gulf of Tonkin

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  • Xiaoyang Yang

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China)

  • Shijie Liu

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China)

  • Yuanguan Gao

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China)

  • Wenjuan Zhao

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China)

  • Yu Liu

    (School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China)

  • Jingying Mao

    (Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning 530022, China)

  • Zhaoyu Mo

    (Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning 530022, China)

Abstract

The varying concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at remote islands is an important indicator, demonstrating the contributions from different regional combustion sources. In this study, gaseous and particulate PAHs were measured at Weizhou Island in the Gulf of Tonkin from 15th March to 14th April, 2015. The concentrations of PAHs ranged from 116.22 to 186.74 ng/m 3 and from 40.19 to 61.86 ng/m 3 in gas and particulate phase, respectively, which were much higher than those of some remote sites in Asia. Phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene, which were mainly found in diesel vehicle emissions, had relatively high concentrations in both gas and particulate phases. According to the comprehensive results of back trajectory cluster analysis and diagnostic ratios, the local vessel emission was probably the main source of PAHs, which was much more important than the coal and biomass combustion sources from remoter regions. The toxicities represented by ∑PAH 7 , benzo( a )pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-based total toxicity potency are much higher in particulate phase than those in gas phase. However, the toxicities of gas phase should not be neglected from the point of view of indirect-acting mutagenicities due to the high contribution of fluoranthene.

Suggested Citation

  • Xiaoyang Yang & Shijie Liu & Yuanguan Gao & Wenjuan Zhao & Yu Liu & Jingying Mao & Zhaoyu Mo, 2020. "Levels, Sources and Toxicity Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at an Island Site in the Gulf of Tonkin," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-13, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:4:p:1338-:d:322473
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Lu Yang & Genki Suzuki & Lulu Zhang & Quanyu Zhou & Xuan Zhang & Wanli Xing & Masayuki Shima & Yoshiko Yoda & Ryohei Nakatsubo & Takatoshi Hiraki & Baijun Sun & Wenhua Fu & Hongye Qi & Kazuichi Hayaka, 2019. "The Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Emission Source Areas in Shenyang, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-11, August.
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