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A 2-Month Follow-Up Study of Psychological Distress among Italian People during the COVID-19 Lockdown

Author

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  • Paolo Roma

    (Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy)

  • Merylin Monaro

    (Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy)

  • Marco Colasanti

    (Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy)

  • Eleonora Ricci

    (Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy)

  • Silvia Biondi

    (Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy)

  • Alberto Di Domenico

    (Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy)

  • Maria Cristina Verrocchio

    (Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy)

  • Christian Napoli

    (Department of Medical Surgical Science and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy)

  • Stefano Ferracuti

    (Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy)

  • Cristina Mazza

    (Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy)

Abstract

The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has called for unprecedented measures, including a national lockdown in Italy. The present study aimed at identifying psychological changes (e.g., changes in depression, stress, and anxiety levels) among the Italian public during the lockdown period, in addition to factors associated with these changes. An online follow-up survey was administered to 439 participants (original sample = 2766), between 28 April and 3 May 2020. A paired sample t-test tested for differences in stress, anxiety, and depression over the period. Multivariate regression models examined associations between sociodemographic variables, personality traits, coping strategies, depression, and stress. Results showed an increase in stress and depression over the lockdown, but not anxiety. Negative affect and detachment were associated with higher levels of depression and stress. Higher levels of depression at the start of the lockdown, as well as fewer coping strategies and childlessness, were associated with increased depression at follow-up, whereas higher levels of stress at the start of the lockdown and younger age were associated with higher stress at follow-up. These results may help us to identify persons at greater risk of suffering from psychological distress as a result lockdown conditions, and inform psychological interventions targeting post-traumatic symptoms.

Suggested Citation

  • Paolo Roma & Merylin Monaro & Marco Colasanti & Eleonora Ricci & Silvia Biondi & Alberto Di Domenico & Maria Cristina Verrocchio & Christian Napoli & Stefano Ferracuti & Cristina Mazza, 2020. "A 2-Month Follow-Up Study of Psychological Distress among Italian People during the COVID-19 Lockdown," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-12, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:21:p:8180-:d:440489
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Paolo Roma & Merylin Monaro & Laura Muzi & Marco Colasanti & Eleonora Ricci & Silvia Biondi & Christian Napoli & Stefano Ferracuti & Cristina Mazza, 2020. "How to Improve Compliance with Protective Health Measures during the COVID-19 Outbreak: Testing a Moderated Mediation Model and Machine Learning Algorithms," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-17, October.
    2. James Banks & Xiaowei Xu, 2020. "The Mental Health Effects of the First Two Months of Lockdown during the COVID‐19 Pandemic in the UK," Fiscal Studies, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 41(3), pages 685-708, September.
    3. Maria Rosaria Gualano & Giuseppina Lo Moro & Gianluca Voglino & Fabrizio Bert & Roberta Siliquini, 2020. "Effects of Covid-19 Lockdown on Mental Health and Sleep Disturbances in Italy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-13, July.
    4. Cristina Mazza & Eleonora Ricci & Daniela Marchetti & Lilybeth Fontanesi & Serena Di Giandomenico & Maria Cristina Verrocchio & Paolo Roma, 2020. "How Personality Relates to Distress in Parents during the Covid-19 Lockdown: The Mediating Role of Child’s Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties and the Moderating Effect of Living with Other People," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-13, August.
    5. Cristina Mazza & Eleonora Ricci & Silvia Biondi & Marco Colasanti & Stefano Ferracuti & Christian Napoli & Paolo Roma, 2020. "A Nationwide Survey of Psychological Distress among Italian People during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-14, May.
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    3. Onur Akdaş & Magdalena Cismaru, 2022. "Promoting mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: the transtheoretical model of change and social marketing approach," International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, Springer;International Association of Public and Non-Profit Marketing, vol. 19(3), pages 447-474, September.
    4. Stephen X. Zhang & Hao Huang & Jizhen Li & Mayra Antonelli-Ponti & Scheila Farias de Paiva & José Aparecido da Silva, 2021. "Predictors of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Brazil during COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-10, June.
    5. Mariam Tsaava & Nikoloz Oniani & Marine Eliozishvili & Irine Sakhelashvili & Nino Tkemaladze & Tamar Aladashvili & Tamar Basishvili & Nato Darchia, 2022. "Age-Based Differences in Sleep Quality, Pre-Sleep Arousal, and Psychosocial Factors during the Second Wave Lockdown of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Georgia—A Higher Vulnerability of Younger People," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-13, December.
    6. Diana Frasquilho & Ricardo Matias & Jaime Grácio & Berta Sousa & Fernando Luís-Ferreira & João Leal & Fátima Cardoso & Albino J. Oliveira-Maia, 2021. "Protocol for the Implementation and Assessment of “MoodUP”: A Stepped Care Model Assisted by a Digital Platform to Accelerate Access to Mental Health Care for Cancer Patients Amid the COVID-19 Pandemi," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-11, April.
    7. Alessia Raffagnato & Sara Iannattone & Benedetta Tascini & Martina Venchiarutti & Alessia Broggio & Silvia Zanato & Annalisa Traverso & Cataldo Mascoli & Alexa Manganiello & Marina Miscioscia & Michel, 2021. "The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study on the Emotional-Behavioral Sequelae for Children and Adolescents with Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Their Families," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-19, September.
    8. Gianluca Lo Coco & Ambra Gentile & Ksenija Bosnar & Ivana Milovanović & Antonino Bianco & Patrik Drid & Saša Pišot, 2021. "A Cross-Country Examination on the Fear of COVID-19 and the Sense of Loneliness during the First Wave of COVID-19 Outbreak," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-12, March.
    9. Dana Alonzo & Marciana Popescu & Pinar Zubaroglu-Ioannides, 2022. "The current pandemic, a complex emergency? Mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on highly vulnerable communities in Guatemala," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 68(7), pages 1382-1393, November.
    10. Alaa El-Sakran & Reem Salman & Ayman Alzaatreh, 2022. "Impacts of Emergency Remote Teaching on College Students Amid COVID-19 in the UAE," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-21, March.
    11. Dana Alonzo & Marciana Popescu, 2022. "A qualitative examination of the mental health impact of Covid-19 in marginalized communities in Guatemala: The Covid Care Calls survey," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 68(7), pages 1435-1444, November.

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