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Understanding the Challenges of Improving Sanitation and Hygiene Outcomes in a Community Based Intervention: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Tanzania

Author

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  • Joseph Kihika Kamara

    (School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
    World Vision International, Southern Africa Regional Office, Mbabane H100, Swaziland)

  • Moses Galukande

    (Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda)

  • Florence Maeda

    (World Vision Tanzania, Nzega, P.O. Box 614, Tabora, Tanzania)

  • Sam Luboga

    (Sustainable Leadership Institute, P.O. Box 1532, Kampala, Uganda)

  • Andre M. N. Renzaho

    (Humanitarian and Development Research Initiative, School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia)

Abstract

Good sanitation and clean water are basic human rights yet they remain elusive to many rural communities in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We carried out a cross sectional study to examine the impact of a four-year intervention aimed at improving access to water and sanitation and reducing waterborne disease, especially diarrhea in children under five years old. The study was carried out in April and May 2015 in Busangi, Chela and Ntobo wards of Kahama District of Tanzania. The interventions included education campaigns and improved water supply, and sanitation. The percentage of households (HHs) with access to water within 30 min increased from 19.2 to 48.9 and 17.6 to 27.3 in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The percentage of HHs with hand washing facilities at the latrine increased from 0% to 13.2%. However, the incidence of diarrhea among children under five years increased over the intervention period, RR 2.91 95% CI 2.71–3.11, p < 0.0001. Availability of water alone may not influence the incidence of waterborne diseases. Factors such as water storage and usage, safe excreta disposal and other hygiene practices are critical for interventions negating the spread of water borne diseases. A model that articulates the extent to which these factors are helpful for such interventions should be explored.

Suggested Citation

  • Joseph Kihika Kamara & Moses Galukande & Florence Maeda & Sam Luboga & Andre M. N. Renzaho, 2017. "Understanding the Challenges of Improving Sanitation and Hygiene Outcomes in a Community Based Intervention: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Tanzania," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-16, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:6:p:602-:d:100562
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Paul H. McClelland & Claire T. Kenney & Federico Palacardo & Nicholas L. S. Roberts & Nicholas Luhende & Jason Chua & Jennifer Huang & Priyanka Patel & Leonardo Albertini Sanchez & Won J. Kim & John K, 2022. "Improved Water and Waste Management Practices Reduce Diarrhea Risk in Children under Age Five in Rural Tanzania: A Community-Based, Cross-Sectional Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-18, April.
    2. Emily Ying Yang Chan & Kimberley Hor Yee Tong & Caroline Dubois & Kiara Mc Donnell & Jean H. Kim & Kevin Kei Ching Hung & Kin On Kwok, 2021. "Narrative Review of Primary Preventive Interventions against Water-Borne Diseases: Scientific Evidence of Health-EDRM in Contexts with Inadequate Safe Drinking Water," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-20, November.
    3. Naomi E Clarke & Clare E F Dyer & Salvador Amaral & Garyn Tan & Susana Vaz Nery, 2021. "Improving Uptake and Sustainability of Sanitation Interventions in Timor-Leste: A Case Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-13, January.
    4. Mwesongo, Chaeka Semango, 2026. "Scale mismatches and the value of social networks in access to sanitation facilities in Mwanza City, Tanzania: A Socio-Ecological Network analysis," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).

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