Advancements and Challenges in Direct Air Capture Technologies: Energy Intensity, Novel Methods, Economics, and Location Strategies

Direct air capture (DAC) technology is increasingly recognized as a key tool in the pursuit of climate neutrality, enabling the removal of carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere. Despite its potential, DAC remains in the early stages of development, with most installations limited to pilot or demonstration units. The main barriers to its widespread implementation include high energy demands and significant capture costs. This literature review addresses the most critical research directions related to the development of this technology, focusing on its challenges and prospects for deployment. Particular attention is given to studies aimed at developing new, cost-effective, and efficient sorbents that could significantly reduce the energy intensity and costs of the process. Alternative technologies, such as electrochemical and membrane-based processes, show promise but require further research to overcome limitations, such as sensitivity to oxygen presence or insufficient membrane selectivity. The economic feasibility of DAC remains uncertain, with current estimates subject to significant uncertainty. Governmental and regulatory support will be crucial for the technology’s success. Furthermore, the location of DAC installations should consider factors such as energy availability, options for carbon dioxide storage or utilization, and climatic conditions, which significantly affect process efficiency. This review highlights the necessity for continued research to overcome existing barriers and fully harness the potential of DAC technology.