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Gas in Transition: An ARDL Analysis of Economic and Fuel Drivers in the European Union

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  • Olena Pavlova

    (Faculty of Management, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicz 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
    Faculty of Economics and Management, Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University, Voli Ave, 13, Lutsk, 43025 Volyn Region, Ukraine)

  • Kostiantyn Pavlov

    (Faculty of Economics and Management, Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University, Voli Ave, 13, Lutsk, 43025 Volyn Region, Ukraine)

  • Oksana Liashenko

    (Faculty of Economics and Management, Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University, Voli Ave, 13, Lutsk, 43025 Volyn Region, Ukraine
    Loughborough Business School, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK)

  • Andrzej Jamróz

    (Faculty of Management, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicz 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland)

  • Sławomir Kopeć

    (Faculty of Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicz 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland)

Abstract

This study investigates the short- and long-run drivers of natural gas consumption in the European Union using an ARDL bounds testing approach. The analysis incorporates GDP per capita, liquid fuel use, and solid fuel use as explanatory variables. Augmented Dickey–Fuller tests confirm mixed integration orders, allowing valid ARDL estimation. The results reveal a statistically significant long-run relationship (cointegration) between gas consumption and the energy–economic system. In the short run, the use of liquid fuel exerts a strong positive influence on gas demand, while the effects of GDP materialise only after a two-year lag. Solid fuels show a delayed substitutive impact, reflecting the ongoing transition from coal. An error correction model confirms rapid convergence to equilibrium, with 77% of deviations corrected within one period. Recursive residual and CUSUM tests indicate structural stability over time. These findings highlight the responsiveness of EU gas demand to both economic and policy signals, offering valuable insights for energy modelling and strategic planning under the European Green Deal.

Suggested Citation

  • Olena Pavlova & Kostiantyn Pavlov & Oksana Liashenko & Andrzej Jamróz & Sławomir Kopeć, 2025. "Gas in Transition: An ARDL Analysis of Economic and Fuel Drivers in the European Union," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-16, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:14:p:3876-:d:1706197
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