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Advances in HVDC Systems: Aspects, Principles, and a Comprehensive Review of Signal Processing Techniques for Fault Detection

Author

Listed:
  • Leyla Zafari

    (Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand)

  • Yuan Liu

    (Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand)

  • Abhisek Ukil

    (Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand)

  • Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair

    (Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand)

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive review of High-Voltage Direct-Current (HVDC) systems, focusing on their technological evolution, fault characteristics, and advanced signal processing techniques for fault detection. The paper traces the development of HVDC links globally, highlighting the transition from mercury-arc valves to Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)-based converters and showcasing operational projects in technologically advanced countries. A detailed comparison of converter technologies including line-commutated converters (LCCs), Voltage-Source Converters (VSCs), and Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) and pole configurations (monopolar, bipolar, homopolar, and MMC) is provided. The paper categorizes HVDC faults into AC, converter, and DC types, focusing on their primary locations and fault characteristics. Signal processing methods, including time-domain, frequency-domain, and time–frequency-domain approaches, are systematically compared, supported by relevant case studies. The review identifies critical research gaps in enhancing the reliability of fault detection, classification, and protection under diverse fault conditions, offering insights into future advancements in HVDC system resilience.

Suggested Citation

  • Leyla Zafari & Yuan Liu & Abhisek Ukil & Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair, 2025. "Advances in HVDC Systems: Aspects, Principles, and a Comprehensive Review of Signal Processing Techniques for Fault Detection," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-37, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:12:p:3106-:d:1677720
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    References listed on IDEAS

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