IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v18y2025i10p2612-d1658764.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Comprehensive Review of Hybrid Energy Systems: Challenges, Applications, and Optimization Strategies

Author

Listed:
  • Aqib Khan

    (Department Smart Systems and Energies, JUNIA—Grande École d’Ingénieurs, F-59000 Lille, France
    Univ. Lille, CNRS, Polytech Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, F-59000 Lille, France)

  • Mathieu Bressel

    (Univ. Lille, CNRS, Polytech Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, F-59000 Lille, France)

  • Arnaud Davigny

    (Department Smart Systems and Energies, JUNIA—Grande École d’Ingénieurs, F-59000 Lille, France
    Univ. Lille, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, Centrale Lille, Junia, ULR 2697–L2EP, F-59000 Lille, France)

  • Dhaker Abbes

    (Department Smart Systems and Energies, JUNIA—Grande École d’Ingénieurs, F-59000 Lille, France
    Univ. Lille, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, Centrale Lille, Junia, ULR 2697–L2EP, F-59000 Lille, France)

  • Belkacem Ould Bouamama

    (Univ. Lille, CNRS, Polytech Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, F-59000 Lille, France)

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive review of hybrid energy systems (HESs), focusing on their challenges, optimization techniques, and control strategies to enhance performance, reliability, and sustainability across various applications, such as microgrids (MGs), commercial buildings, healthcare facilities, and cruise ships. The integration of renewable energy sources (RESs), including solar photovoltaics (PVs), with enabling technologies such as fuel cells (FCs), batteries (BTs), and energy storage systems (ESSs) plays a critical role in improving energy management, reducing emissions, and increasing economic viability. This review highlights advancements in multi-objective optimization techniques, real-time energy management, and sophisticated control strategies that have significantly contributed to reducing fuel consumption, operational costs, and environmental impact. However, key challenges remain, including the scalability of optimization techniques, sensitivity to system parameter variations, and limited incorporation of user behavior, grid dynamics, and life cycle carbon emissions. The review underlines the need for robust, adaptable control strategies capable of accommodating rapidly changing energy environments, as well as the importance of life cycle assessments to ensure the long-term sustainability of RES technologies. Future research directions emphasize the integration of variable RESs, advanced scheduling, and the application of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain to improve system resilience and efficiency. This paper introduces a novel classification framework, distinct from existing taxonomies, addressing gaps in prior reviews by incorporating emerging technologies and focusing on the dynamic nature of energy management in hybrid systems. It also advocates for bridging the gap between theoretical advancements and real-world implementation to promote the development of more sustainable and reliable HESs.

Suggested Citation

  • Aqib Khan & Mathieu Bressel & Arnaud Davigny & Dhaker Abbes & Belkacem Ould Bouamama, 2025. "Comprehensive Review of Hybrid Energy Systems: Challenges, Applications, and Optimization Strategies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-34, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:10:p:2612-:d:1658764
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/10/2612/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/10/2612/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hao Liang & Weihua Zhuang, 2014. "Stochastic Modeling and Optimization in a Microgrid: A Survey," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(4), pages 1-24, March.
    2. Shi, Yunhong & Wang, Honglei & Li, Chengjiang & Negnevitsky, Michael & Wang, Xiaolin, 2024. "Stochastic optimization of system configurations and operation of hybrid cascade hydro-wind-photovoltaic with battery for uncertain medium- and long-term load growth," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 364(C).
    3. Seaseung Oh & Suyong Chae & Jason Neely & Jongbok Baek & Marvin Cook, 2017. "Efficient Model Predictive Control Strategies for Resource Management in an Islanded Microgrid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-16, July.
    4. Ruan, Hebin & Gao, Hongjun & Qiu, Haifeng & Gooi, Hoay Beng & Liu, Junyong, 2023. "Distributed operation optimization of active distribution network with P2P electricity trading in blockchain environment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 331(C).
    5. Stennikov, Valery & Barakhtenko, Evgeny & Mayorov, Gleb & Sokolov, Dmitry & Zhou, Bin, 2022. "Coordinated management of centralized and distributed generation in an integrated energy system using a multi-agent approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 309(C).
    6. Luca Ciacci & Fabrizio Passarini, 2020. "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Environmental and Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-8, November.
    7. Kebede, Abraham Alem & Kalogiannis, Theodoros & Van Mierlo, Joeri & Berecibar, Maitane, 2022. "A comprehensive review of stationary energy storage devices for large scale renewable energy sources grid integration," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    8. Fathy, Ahmed & Ferahtia, Seydali & Rezk, Hegazy & Yousri, Dalia & Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali & Olabi, A.G., 2022. "Optimal adaptive fuzzy management strategy for fuel cell-based DC microgrid," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    9. Pallonetto, Fabiano & De Rosa, Mattia & Milano, Federico & Finn, Donal P., 2019. "Demand response algorithms for smart-grid ready residential buildings using machine learning models," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 1265-1282.
    10. Zia, Muhammad Fahad & Nasir, Mashood & Elbouchikhi, Elhoussin & Benbouzid, Mohamed & Vasquez, Juan C. & Guerrero, Josep M., 2022. "Energy management system for a hybrid PV-Wind-Tidal-Battery-based islanded DC microgrid: Modeling and experimental validation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    11. Tang, Ruoli & Li, Xin & Lai, Jingang, 2018. "A novel optimal energy-management strategy for a maritime hybrid energy system based on large-scale global optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 254-264.
    12. Zhang, Weiping & Maleki, Akbar & Rosen, Marc A. & Liu, Jingqing, 2018. "Optimization with a simulated annealing algorithm of a hybrid system for renewable energy including battery and hydrogen storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 191-207.
    13. Li, Na & Okur, Özge, 2023. "Economic analysis of energy communities: Investment options and cost allocation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 336(C).
    14. Nghitevelekwa, K. & Bansal, R.C., 2018. "A review of generation dispatch with large-scale photovoltaic systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 615-624.
    15. Muhammed Y. Worku, 2022. "Recent Advances in Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Source Grid Integration: A Comprehensive Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-18, May.
    16. Kaiye Gao & Tianshi Wang & Chenjing Han & Jinhao Xie & Ye Ma & Rui Peng, 2021. "A Review of Optimization of Microgrid Operation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-39, May.
    17. Muhammad Khalid, 2019. "A Review on the Selected Applications of Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-34, November.
    18. Esau Zulu & Ryoichi Hara & Hiroyuki Kita, 2023. "An Efficient Hybrid Particle Swarm and Gradient Descent Method for the Estimation of the Hosting Capacity of Photovoltaics by Distribution Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-17, July.
    19. Violeta Motuzienė & Kęstutis Čiuprinskas & Artur Rogoža & Vilūnė Lapinskienė, 2022. "A Review of the Life Cycle Analysis Results for Different Energy Conversion Technologies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-26, November.
    20. Ristimäki, Miro & Säynäjoki, Antti & Heinonen, Jukka & Junnila, Seppo, 2013. "Combining life cycle costing and life cycle assessment for an analysis of a new residential district energy system design," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 168-179.
    21. Omaji Samuel & Nadeem Javaid & Mahmood Ashraf & Farruh Ishmanov & Muhammad Khalil Afzal & Zahoor Ali Khan, 2018. "Jaya based Optimization Method with High Dispatchable Distributed Generation for Residential Microgrid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-29, June.
    22. Abdulrahman AlKassem & Azeddine Draou & Abdullah Alamri & Hisham Alharbi, 2022. "Design Analysis of an Optimal Microgrid System for the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources at a University Campus," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-20, March.
    23. Zhang, Guodao & Zhou, Haijun & Ge, Yisu & Magabled, Sharafzher M. & Abbas, Mohamed & Pan, Xiaotian & Ponnore, Joffin Jose & Asilza, Hamd & Liu, Jian & Yang, Yanhong, 2024. "Enhancing on-grid renewable energy systems: Optimal configuration and diverse design strategies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Qihui Feng & Meng Zhang & Yutao Xu & Chao Zhang & Dunhui Chen & Xufeng Yuan, 2025. "A Multi-Vector Modulated Model Predictive Control Based on Coordinated Control Strategy of a Photovoltaic-Storage Three-Port DC–DC Converter," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-19, June.
    2. Süleyman Emre Eyimaya & Necmi Altin & Adel Nasiri, 2025. "Optimization of Photovoltaic and Battery Storage Sizing in a DC Microgrid Using LSTM Networks Based on Load Forecasting," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-22, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Raya-Armenta, Jose Maurilio & Bazmohammadi, Najmeh & Avina-Cervantes, Juan Gabriel & Sáez, Doris & Vasquez, Juan C. & Guerrero, Josep M., 2021. "Energy management system optimization in islanded microgrids: An overview and future trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    2. Wang, Chen & Guo, Su & Pei, Huanjin & He, Yi & Liu, Deyou & Li, Mengying, 2023. "Rolling optimization based on holism for the operation strategy of solar tower power plant," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 331(C).
    3. Xia, Guoyan & Liu, Zhanglin & He, Jinsong & Huang, Mei & Zhao, Li & Zou, Jianmei & Lei, Yongjia & Yang, Qiulin & Liu, Yan & Tian, Dong & Shen, Fei, 2024. "Modulating three-dimensional porous carbon from paper mulberry juice by a hydrothermal process for a supercapacitor with excellent performance," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    4. Ouyang, Tiancheng & Zhang, Mingliang & Qin, Peijia & Tan, Xianlin, 2024. "Flow battery energy storage system for microgrid peak shaving based on predictive control algorithm," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 356(C).
    5. Muhammed Y. Worku, 2022. "Recent Advances in Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Source Grid Integration: A Comprehensive Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-18, May.
    6. Hunt, Julian David & Nascimento, Andreas & Zakeri, Behnam & Barbosa, Paulo Sérgio Franco, 2022. "Hydrogen Deep Ocean Link: a global sustainable interconnected energy grid," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    7. Lu Xiao & Feiyue Yang & Yong Yang & Che Chen & Wuer Ha, 2024. "A Sustainable Production Planning Scheme for New Energy Vehicles in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-24, September.
    8. Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar & Aneesh A. Chand & Maria Malvoni & Kushal A. Prasad & Kabir A. Mamun & F.R. Islam & Shauhrat S. Chopra, 2020. "Distributed Energy Resources and the Application of AI, IoT, and Blockchain in Smart Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-42, November.
    9. Ashraf K. Abdelaal & Elshahat F. Mohamed & Attia A. El-Fergany, 2022. "Optimal Scheduling of Hybrid Sustainable Energy Microgrid: A Case Study for a Resort in Sokhna, Egypt," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-13, October.
    10. khanmohammadi, Shoaib & Saadat-Targhi, Morteza, 2019. "Performance enhancement of an integrated system with solar flat plate collector for hydrogen production using waste heat recovery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 1066-1076.
    11. Avilés A., Camilo & Oliva H., Sebastian & Watts, David, 2019. "Single-dwelling and community renewable microgrids: Optimal sizing and energy management for new business models," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    12. Liu, Yiwei & Tang, Yinggan & Hua, Changchun, 2025. "Multi-objective nutcracker optimization algorithm based on fast non-dominated sorting and elite strategy for grid-connected hybrid microgrid system scheduling," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
    13. Mario Versaci & Fabio La Foresta, 2024. "Fuzzy Approach for Managing Renewable Energy Flows for DC-Microgrid with Composite PV-WT Generators and Energy Storage System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-31, January.
    14. Mehmet C. Yagci & Thomas Feldmann & Elmar Bollin & Michael Schmidt & Wolfgang G. Bessler, 2022. "Aging Characteristics of Stationary Lithium-Ion Battery Systems with Serial and Parallel Cell Configurations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-19, May.
    15. Shi, Yunhong & Li, Chengjiang & Wang, Honglei & Wang, Xiaolin & Negnevitsky, Michael, 2025. "A novel scheduling strategy of a hybrid wind-solar-hydro system for smoothing energy and power fluctuations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 320(C).
    16. Becchio, Cristina & Bottero, Marta Carla & Corgnati, Stefano Paolo & Dell’Anna, Federico, 2018. "Decision making for sustainable urban energy planning: an integrated evaluation framework of alternative solutions for a NZED (Net Zero-Energy District) in Turin," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 803-817.
    17. Huang, Chunjun & Zong, Yi & You, Shi & Træholt, Chresten & Zheng, Yi & Wang, Jiawei & Zheng, Zixuan & Xiao, Xianyong, 2023. "Economic and resilient operation of hydrogen-based microgrids: An improved MPC-based optimal scheduling scheme considering security constraints of hydrogen facilities," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 335(C).
    18. Sulman Shahzad & Muhammad Abbas Abbasi & Hassan Ali & Muhammad Iqbal & Rania Munir & Heybet Kilic, 2023. "Possibilities, Challenges, and Future Opportunities of Microgrids: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-28, April.
    19. Wang, Jinggai & Li, Huanhuan & Yang, Zaili & Ge, Ying-En, 2024. "Shore power for reduction of shipping emission in port: A bibliometric analysis," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    20. Zhang, Weiping & Maleki, Akbar, 2022. "Modeling and optimization of a stand-alone desalination plant powered by solar/wind energies based on back-up systems using a hybrid algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PC).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:10:p:2612-:d:1658764. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.