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Optimization of Photovoltaic and Battery Storage Sizing in a DC Microgrid Using LSTM Networks Based on Load Forecasting

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  • Süleyman Emre Eyimaya

    (Department of Electronics and Automation, TUSAS-Kazan Vocational School, Gazi University, Ankara 06560, Turkey)

  • Necmi Altin

    (Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Gazi University, Ankara 06560, Turkey
    Electrical Engineering Department, Molinaroli College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina (USC), Columbia, SC 29208, USA)

  • Adel Nasiri

    (Electrical Engineering Department, Molinaroli College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina (USC), Columbia, SC 29208, USA)

Abstract

This study presents an optimization approach for sizing photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) within a DC microgrid, aiming to enhance cost-effectiveness, energy reliability, and environmental sustainability. PV generation is modeled based on environmental parameters such as solar irradiance and ambient temperature, while battery charging and discharging operations are managed according to real-time demand. A simulation framework is developed in MATLAB 2021b to analyze PV output, battery state of charge (SOC), and grid energy exchange. For demand-side management, the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) deep learning model is employed to forecast future load profiles using historical consumption data. Moreover, a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network is designed for comparison purposes. The dynamic load prediction, provided by LSTM in particular, improves system responsiveness and efficiency compared to MLP. Simulation results indicate that optimal sizing of PV and storage units significantly reduces energy costs and dependency on the main grid for both forecasting methods; however, the LSTM-based approach consistently achieves higher annual savings, self-sufficiency, and Net Present Value (NPV) than the MLP-based approach. The proposed method supports the design of more resilient and sustainable DC microgrids through data-driven forecasting and system-level optimization, with LSTM-based forecasting offering the greatest benefits.

Suggested Citation

  • Süleyman Emre Eyimaya & Necmi Altin & Adel Nasiri, 2025. "Optimization of Photovoltaic and Battery Storage Sizing in a DC Microgrid Using LSTM Networks Based on Load Forecasting," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-22, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:14:p:3676-:d:1699721
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Oussama Ouramdane & Elhoussin Elbouchikhi & Yassine Amirat & Ehsan Sedgh Gooya, 2021. "Optimal Sizing and Energy Management of Microgrids with Vehicle-to-Grid Technology: A Critical Review and Future Trends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-45, July.
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