IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v17y2024i5p1086-d1345187.html

Oxidative Liquefaction, an Approach for Complex Plastic Waste Stream Conversion into Valuable Oxygenated Chemicals

Author

Listed:
  • Hamza Mumtaz

    (Department Thermal Technology, Silesian University of Technology, Stanisława Konarskiego 22, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland)

  • Sebastian Werle

    (Department Thermal Technology, Silesian University of Technology, Stanisława Konarskiego 22, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland)

  • Roksana Muzyka

    (Department of Air Protection, Silesian University of Technology, Stanisława Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland)

  • Szymon Sobek

    (Department of Heating, Ventilation and Dust Removal Technology, Silesian University of Technology, Stanisława Konarskiego 20, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland)

  • Marcin Sajdak

    (Department of Air Protection, Silesian University of Technology, Stanisława Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland)

Abstract

Various waste streams including municipal solid waste (MSW), polymer waste from personal protective equipment (PPE) used in medical fields, and composite waste from wind turbine blades (WTBs) demand modern waste management and recycling approaches. Ultimate and proximate analysis of mentioned samples revealed a higher content of carbon—28.2 ± 8.0, 80.1 ± 2.3, and 50.3 ± 2.3, respectively—exhibiting sufficient potential to be converted into secondary carbon-based compounds. For this purpose, oxidative liquefaction of selected waste materials was carried out following a detailed experimental plan, a centred composite design for WTBs, and a central composite face-centred plan for MSW and PPEs. Temperature, pressure, oxidant concentration, reaction time, and waste-to-liquid ratio were the parameters of key interest, and their values were tested at a range of 200–350 °C, 20–40 bar, 15–60%, 30–90 min, and 3–25%, respectively, depending upon the type of waste. As a result, total polymer degradation (TPD) was recorded for three types of waste and the results were satisfactory, encouraging the decomposition of primary waste in liquid oxygenated chemical compounds (OCCs). Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionisation Detection (GC-FID) helped us quantify the number of OCCs for each waste sample. Energy consumption during the process was also recorded and optimisation of the experimental plan based on maximum TPD and OCCs yields against the minimum energy consumption was performed to make the process tech-economic.

Suggested Citation

  • Hamza Mumtaz & Sebastian Werle & Roksana Muzyka & Szymon Sobek & Marcin Sajdak, 2024. "Oxidative Liquefaction, an Approach for Complex Plastic Waste Stream Conversion into Valuable Oxygenated Chemicals," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-14, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:5:p:1086-:d:1345187
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/5/1086/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/5/1086/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mumtaz, Hamza & Sobek, Szymon & Sajdak, Marcin & Muzyka, Roksana & Werle, Sebastian, 2023. "An experimental investigation and process optimization of the oxidative liquefaction process as the recycling method of the end-of-life wind turbine blades," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 269-278.
    2. Magdalena Skrzyniarz & Marcin Sajdak & Monika Zajemska & Anna Biniek-Poskart & Józef Iwaszko & Andrzej Skibiński, 2023. "Possibilities of RDF Pyrolysis Products Utilization in the Face of the Energy Crisis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-19, September.
    3. Mumtaz, Hamza & Sobek, Szymon & Sajdak, Marcin & Muzyka, Roksana & Drewniak, Sabina & Werle, Sebastian, 2023. "Oxidative liquefaction as an alternative method of recycling and the pyrolysis kinetics of wind turbine blades," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(PB).
    4. Topham, Eva & McMillan, David, 2017. "Sustainable decommissioning of an offshore wind farm," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(PB), pages 470-480.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Mumtaz, Hamza & Sobek, Szymon & Sajdak, Marcin & Muzyka, Roksana & Werle, Sebastian, 2025. "Optimizing advanced oxidative liquefaction of municipal solid waste and personal protective equipment of medical sector for solid reduction and secondary compounds production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    2. Sobek, Szymon & Schmölzer, Stefan & Mumtaz, Hamza & Sajdak, Marcin & Muzyka, Roksana & Werle, Sebastian, 2025. "Kinetic study of the decommissioned wind turbine blade oxidative liquefaction based on differential scanning calorimetry," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 316(C).
    3. Mumtaz, Hamza & Sobek, Szymon & Sajdak, Marcin & Muzyka, Roksana & Werle, Sebastian & Procek, Marcin, 2025. "Innovative recycling of end-of-life photovoltaic panels with the aim of polymer degradation and valuable chemical production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Deeney, Peter & Leahy, Paul G. & Campbell, Kevin & Ducourtieux, Claire & Mullally, Gerard & Dunphy, Niall P., 2025. "End-of-life wind turbine blades and paths to a circular economy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 212(C).
    2. Sobek, Szymon & Schmölzer, Stefan & Mumtaz, Hamza & Sajdak, Marcin & Muzyka, Roksana & Werle, Sebastian, 2025. "Kinetic study of the decommissioned wind turbine blade oxidative liquefaction based on differential scanning calorimetry," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 316(C).
    3. Mumtaz, Hamza & Sobek, Szymon & Sajdak, Marcin & Muzyka, Roksana & Werle, Sebastian, 2025. "Optimizing advanced oxidative liquefaction of municipal solid waste and personal protective equipment of medical sector for solid reduction and secondary compounds production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    4. Wang, Yue & Dong, Biqin & Dai, Jian-Guo & Lu, Guannan & Peng, Kaidi & Wang, Yanshuai, 2025. "Value-added recycling strategies for decommissioned wind turbine blades: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
    5. Mumtaz, Hamza & Sobek, Szymon & Sajdak, Marcin & Muzyka, Roksana & Werle, Sebastian & Procek, Marcin, 2025. "Innovative recycling of end-of-life photovoltaic panels with the aim of polymer degradation and valuable chemical production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C).
    6. Bo Tan & Xiaotong Wang & Zhilong Pu & Shuangqiao Yang & Min Nie, 2025. "Fabrication of High-Strength Waste-Wind-Turbine-Blade-Powder-Reinforced Polypropylene Composite via Solid-State Stretching," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-12, January.
    7. Deirdre O’Donnell & Jimmy Murphy & Vikram Pakrashi, 2020. "Damage Monitoring of a Catenary Moored Spar Platform for Renewable Energy Devices," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-22, July.
    8. Judge, Frances & McAuliffe, Fiona Devoy & Sperstad, Iver Bakken & Chester, Rachel & Flannery, Brian & Lynch, Katie & Murphy, Jimmy, 2019. "A lifecycle financial analysis model for offshore wind farms," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 370-383.
    9. Irawan, Chandra Ade & Jones, Dylan & Hofman, Peter S. & Zhang, Lina, 2023. "Integrated strategic energy mix and energy generation planning with multiple sustainability criteria and hierarchical stakeholders," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 308(2), pages 864-883.
    10. Francisco Haces-Fernandez, 2020. "GoWInD: Wind Energy Spatiotemporal Assessment and Characterization of End-of-Life Activities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-20, November.
    11. Anne P. M. Velenturf & Phil Purnell, 2017. "Resource Recovery from Waste: Restoring the Balance between Resource Scarcity and Waste Overload," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(9), pages 1-17, September.
    12. Vincenzo Basile & Francesca Loia & Nunzia Capobianco & Roberto Vona, 2023. "An ecosystems perspective on the reconversion of offshore platforms: Towards a multi‐level governance," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 30(4), pages 1615-1631, July.
    13. Winkler, Lorenz & Kilic, Onur A. & Veldman, Jasper, 2022. "Collaboration in the offshore wind farm decommissioning supply chain," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    14. Spielmann, Vanessa & Brey, Thomas & Dannheim, Jennifer & Vajhøj, Jesper & Ebojie, Mandy & Klein, Johanna & Eckardt, Silke, 2021. "Integration of sustainability, stakeholder and process approaches for sustainable offshore wind farm decommissioning," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    15. De Luca Peña, Laura Vittoria & Taelman, Sue Ellen & Bas, Bilge & Staes, Jan & Mertens, Jan & Clavreul, Julie & Préat, Nils & Dewulf, Jo, 2024. "Monetized (socio-)environmental handprint and footprint of an offshore windfarm in the Belgian Continental Shelf: An assessment of local, regional and global impacts," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PA).
    16. Wang, Xuefei & Zeng, Xiangwu & Li, Xinyao & Li, Jiale, 2019. "Investigation on offshore wind turbine with an innovative hybrid monopile foundation: An experimental based study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 129-141.
    17. R, Hall & E, Topham & E, João, 2022. "Environmental Impact Assessment for the decommissioning of offshore wind farms," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    18. Zavvar, Esmaeil & Rosa-Santos, Paulo & Taveira-Pinto, Francisco & Ghafoori, Elyas, 2025. "Lifetime extension of offshore support structures of wind turbines: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 217(C).
    19. Mirko Kruse, 2020. "Energiewende: Wo bleibt das langfristige Denken bei der Offshore-Windenergie? [Energy Transition: Where is the Long-Term Thinking on Offshore Wind Energy?]," Wirtschaftsdienst, Springer;ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 100(9), pages 695-700, September.
    20. Bosch, Jonathan & Staffell, Iain & Hawkes, Adam D., 2019. "Global levelised cost of electricity from offshore wind," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:5:p:1086-:d:1345187. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.