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Application of Near Infrared Spectroscopy for the Detection of Chemically Treated Pellets Unsuitable for Combustion

Author

Listed:
  • Elena Leoni

    (Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy)

  • Thomas Gasperini

    (Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy)

  • Nicolò Di Marzio

    (Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy)

  • Rodolfo Picchio

    (Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), Tuscia University, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy)

  • Giuseppe Toscano

    (Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy)

  • Daniele Duca

    (Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy)

Abstract

The relevant growth of the wood pellet market in Europe in the last decade led to an increased focus on solid biofuel as a necessary and available renewable resource for energy production. Among biofuels, wooden pellets are among the most widespread for domestic heating. Therefore, monitoring the qualitative properties of commercialized pellets is crucial in order to minimize the amount of harmful emissions in residential areas. Standard ISO 17225 sets threshold values for the chemical and physical properties that commercialized biofuels must fulfil. Specifically, ISO 17225-2 defines that pellets for residential use must be produced from virgin wood, but no method is proposed to assess the actual origin of the material, leading to the risk of the commercialization of pellets made up from chemically treated materials. This study proposes a model obtained via near infrared spectroscopy analyses and chemometrics methods, such as classification, to rapidly assess whether pellets are made up of virgin or chemically treated wood. The result suggests the effectiveness of NIRs for the detection of non-virgin pellets with an accuracy greater than 99%. Furthermore, the model appeared to be accurate in the assessment of both milled and intact pellets, making it a potential in-line instrument for assessments of pellets’ quality.

Suggested Citation

  • Elena Leoni & Thomas Gasperini & Nicolò Di Marzio & Rodolfo Picchio & Giuseppe Toscano & Daniele Duca, 2024. "Application of Near Infrared Spectroscopy for the Detection of Chemically Treated Pellets Unsuitable for Combustion," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-16, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:4:p:825-:d:1336501
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gillespie, Gary D. & Everard, Colm D. & McDonnell, Kevin P., 2015. "Prediction of biomass pellet quality indices using near infrared spectroscopy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 582-588.
    2. Toscano, G. & Duca, D. & Amato, A. & Pizzi, A., 2014. "Emission from realistic utilization of wood pellet stove," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 644-650.
    3. Posom, Jetsada & Shrestha, Amrit & Saechua, Wanphut & Sirisomboon, Panmanas, 2016. "Rapid non-destructive evaluation of moisture content and higher heating value of Leucaena leucocephala pellets using near infrared spectroscopy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 464-472.
    4. Duca, D. & Mancini, M. & Rossini, G. & Mengarelli, C. & Foppa Pedretti, E. & Toscano, G. & Pizzi, A., 2016. "Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy applied to infrared spectroscopy for rapid discrimination between hardwood and softwood," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 117(P1), pages 251-258.
    5. Wöhler, Marius & Jaeger, Dirk & Reichert, Gabriel & Schmidl, Christoph & Pelz, Stefan K., 2017. "Influence of pellet length on performance of pellet room heaters under real life operation conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 66-75.
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