IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v17y2024i3p679-d1330337.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Feasibility and Challenges for Vehicle-to-Grid in Electricity Market: A Review

Author

Listed:
  • Muchun Wan

    (College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China)

  • Heyang Yu

    (College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China)

  • Yingning Huo

    (Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310015, China)

  • Kan Yu

    (Center for Balance Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China)

  • Quanyuan Jiang

    (College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China)

  • Guangchao Geng

    (College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China)

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) play a crucial role in the global transition towards decarbonization and renewable energy resources (RERs). As EVs gain popularity, this has resulted in various challenges for the power grid, such as an intensified peak-to-valley load differential, causing transformer overloading. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology has emerged as a promising solution due to its controllable charging and discharging capabilities. Mature business schemes can incentivize the development of V2G technology. However, the business schemes of V2G technology are still unclear. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the business schemes associated with V2G technology, especially focusing on its feasibility and challenges with respect to the electricity market. In this paper, several business schemes with respect to the electricity market are explored by conducting extensive literature reviews, including peak-to-valley arbitrage, the spot market, demand–response (DR), frequency regulation, voltage regulation, spinning reserve, and black start. Next, application scenarios and real-world use cases of the V2G technology’s business schemes are investigated. Furthermore, the challenges faced by the V2G technology’s business schemes are assessed by considering the technical, economical, and social aspects. By identifying these challenges, it is important to highlight the existing shortcomings and areas of interest for V2G technology’s research and development. This review contributes to a deeper understanding of V2G technology and its implications for the energy sector.

Suggested Citation

  • Muchun Wan & Heyang Yu & Yingning Huo & Kan Yu & Quanyuan Jiang & Guangchao Geng, 2024. "Feasibility and Challenges for Vehicle-to-Grid in Electricity Market: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-23, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:3:p:679-:d:1330337
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/3/679/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/3/679/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Harsh, Pratik & Das, Debapriya, 2022. "Optimal coordination strategy of demand response and electric vehicle aggregators for the energy management of reconfigured grid-connected microgrid," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
    2. Pavić, Ivan & Capuder, Tomislav & Kuzle, Igor, 2015. "Value of flexible electric vehicles in providing spinning reserve services," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 60-74.
    3. Kern, Timo & Dossow, Patrick & Morlock, Elena, 2022. "Revenue opportunities by integrating combined vehicle-to-home and vehicle-to-grid applications in smart homes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    4. Chen, Jianhong & Zhang, Youlang & Li, Xinzhou & Sun, Bo & Liao, Qiangqiang & Tao, Yibin & Wang, Zhiqin, 2020. "Strategic integration of vehicle-to-home system with home distributed photovoltaic power generation in Shanghai," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(C).
    5. Hidrue, Michael K. & Parsons, George R., 2015. "Is there a near-term market for vehicle-to-grid electric vehicles?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 67-76.
    6. Noori, Mehdi & Zhao, Yang & Onat, Nuri C. & Gardner, Stephanie & Tatari, Omer, 2016. "Light-duty electric vehicles to improve the integrity of the electricity grid through Vehicle-to-Grid technology: Analysis of regional net revenue and emissions savings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 146-158.
    7. Yu, Heyang & Zhang, Jingchen & Ma, Junchao & Chen, Changyu & Geng, Guangchao & Jiang, Quanyuan, 2023. "Privacy-preserving demand response of aggregated residential load," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 339(C).
    8. Carlo Corinaldesi & Georg Lettner & Daniel Schwabeneder & Amela Ajanovic & Hans Auer, 2020. "Impact of Different Charging Strategies for Electric Vehicles in an Austrian Office Site," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-17, November.
    9. Tepe, Benedikt & Figgener, Jan & Englberger, Stefan & Sauer, Dirk Uwe & Jossen, Andreas & Hesse, Holger, 2022. "Optimal pool composition of commercial electric vehicles in V2G fleet operation of various electricity markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).
    10. Peng, Chao & Zou, Jianxiao & Lian, Lian & Li, Liying, 2017. "An optimal dispatching strategy for V2G aggregator participating in supplementary frequency regulation considering EV driving demand and aggregator’s benefits," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 591-599.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Han, Zhongliang & Xu, Nan & Chen, Hong & Huang, Yanjun & Zhao, Bin, 2018. "Energy-efficient control of electric vehicles based on linear quadratic regulator and phase plane analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 639-657.
    2. Zhao, Yang & Noori, Mehdi & Tatari, Omer, 2017. "Boosting the adoption and the reliability of renewable energy sources: Mitigating the large-scale wind power intermittency through vehicle to grid technology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 608-618.
    3. Hoogvliet, T.W. & Litjens, G.B.M.A. & van Sark, W.G.J.H.M., 2017. "Provision of regulating- and reserve power by electric vehicle owners in the Dutch market," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 1008-1019.
    4. Moon-Jong Jang & Taehoon Kim & Eunsung Oh, 2023. "Data-Driven Modeling of Vehicle-to-Grid Flexibility in Korea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-16, May.
    5. Heilmann, C. & Friedl, G., 2021. "Factors influencing the economic success of grid-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-grid applications—A review and meta-analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    6. Li, Yipu & Su, Hao & Zhou, Yun & Chen, Lixia & Shi, Yiwei & Li, Hengjie & Feng, Donghan, 2023. "Two-stage real-time optimal electricity dispatch strategy for urban residential quarter with electric vehicles’ charging load," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    7. Zhou, Yuekuan, 2022. "Transition towards carbon-neutral districts based on storage techniques and spatiotemporal energy sharing with electrification and hydrogenation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    8. Riesz, Jenny & Sotiriadis, Claire & Ambach, Daisy & Donovan, Stuart, 2016. "Quantifying the costs of a rapid transition to electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 287-300.
    9. Liu, Hui & Huang, Kai & Wang, Ni & Qi, Junjian & Wu, Qiuwei & Ma, Shicong & Li, Canbing, 2019. "Optimal dispatch for participation of electric vehicles in frequency regulation based on area control error and area regulation requirement," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C), pages 46-55.
    10. Tan, Kang Miao & Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K. & Yong, Jia Ying, 2016. "Optimal vehicle to grid planning and scheduling using double layer multi-objective algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 1060-1073.
    11. Paterakis, Nikolaos G. & Gibescu, Madeleine, 2016. "A methodology to generate power profiles of electric vehicle parking lots under different operational strategies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 111-123.
    12. Fernandes, A. & Woudstra, T. & van Wijk, A. & Verhoef, L. & Aravind, P.V., 2016. "Fuel cell electric vehicle as a power plant and SOFC as a natural gas reformer: An exergy analysis of different system designs," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 13-28.
    13. Ortega-Cabezas, Pedro-Miguel & Colmenar-Santos, Antonio & Borge-Diez, David & Blanes-Peiró, Jorge-Juan, 2021. "Can eco-routing, eco-driving and eco-charging contribute to the European Green Deal? Case Study: The City of Alcalá de Henares (Madrid, Spain)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
    14. Zhao, Yang & Noori, Mehdi & Tatari, Omer, 2016. "Vehicle to Grid regulation services of electric delivery trucks: Economic and environmental benefit analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 161-175.
    15. Francesco Lo Franco & Mattia Ricco & Riccardo Mandrioli & Gabriele Grandi, 2020. "Electric Vehicle Aggregate Power Flow Prediction and Smart Charging System for Distributed Renewable Energy Self-Consumption Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-25, September.
    16. Guo, Shiliang & Li, Pengpeng & Ma, Kai & Yang, Bo & Yang, Jie, 2022. "Robust energy management for industrial microgrid considering charging and discharging pressure of electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    17. Cleary, Kathryne & Palmer, Karen, 2020. "Encouraging Electrification through Energy Service Subscriptions," RFF Working Paper Series 20-09, Resources for the Future.
    18. Kuang, Yanqing & Chen, Yang & Hu, Mengqi & Yang, Dong, 2017. "Influence analysis of driver behavior and building category on economic performance of electric vehicle to grid and building integration," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 427-437.
    19. Tarroja, Brian & Hittinger, Eric, 2021. "The value of consumer acceptance of controlled electric vehicle charging in a decarbonizing grid: The case of California," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    20. Bhandari, Vivek & Sun, Kaiyang & Homans, Frances, 2018. "The profitability of vehicle to grid for system participants - A case study from the Electricity Reliability Council of Texas," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 278-286.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:3:p:679-:d:1330337. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.