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Storing Excess Solar Power in Hot Water on Household Level as Power-to-Heat System

Author

Listed:
  • Ivar Kotte

    (Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8A, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands)

  • Emma Snaak

    (Solyx Energy B.V. Smitspol 15M, 3861 RS Nijkerk, The Netherlands)

  • Wilfried van Sark

    (Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8A, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands)

Abstract

PV technology has become widespread in the Netherlands, reaching a cumulative installed capacity of 22.4 GWp in 2023 and ranking second in the world for solar PV per capita at 1268 W/capita. Despite this growth, there is an inherent discrepancy between energy supply and demand during the day. While the netting system in the Netherlands can currently negate the economic drawbacks of this discrepancy, grid congestion and imbalanced electricity prices show that improvements are highly desirable for the sustainability of electricity grids. This research analyzes the effectiveness of a Power-to-Domestic-Hot-Water (P2DHW) system at improving the utilization of excess PV electricity in Dutch households and compares it to similar technologies. The results show that the example P2DHW system, the WaterAccu, compares favorably as a low cost and flexible solution. In particular, for twelve different households differing in size (1–6 occupants), PV capacity (2.4–8 kWp), and size of hot water storage boiler (50–300 L), it is shown that the total economic benefits for the period 2024–2032 vary from −€13 to €3055, assuming the current net metering scheme is abolished in 2027. Only for large households with low PV capacity are the benefits a little negative. Based on a multi-criteria analysis, it is found that the WaterAccu is the cheapest option compared to other storage options, such as a home battery, a heat pump boiler, and a solar boiler. A sensitivity study demonstrated that these results are overall robust. Furthermore, the WaterAccu has a positive societal impact owing to its peak shaving potential. Further research should focus on the potential of the technology to decrease grid congestion when implemented on a neighborhood scale.

Suggested Citation

  • Ivar Kotte & Emma Snaak & Wilfried van Sark, 2024. "Storing Excess Solar Power in Hot Water on Household Level as Power-to-Heat System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(20), pages 1-19, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:20:p:5154-:d:1500113
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Beccali, Marco & Bonomolo, Marina & Martorana, Francesca & Catrini, Pietro & Buscemi, Alessandro, 2022. "Electrical hybrid heat pumps assisted by natural gas boilers: a review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    2. Bloess, Andreas & Schill, Wolf-Peter & Zerrahn, Alexander, 2018. "Power-to-heat for renewable energy integration: A review of technologies, modeling approaches, and flexibility potentials," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 212, pages 1611-1626.
    3. Dodgson, JS & Spackman, M & Pearman, A & Phillips, LD, 2009. "Multi-criteria analysis: a manual," Economic History Working Papers 12761, London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Economic History.
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    Cited by:

    1. Juan José Milón Guzmán & Sergio Leal Braga & Florian Alain Yannick Pradelle & Mario Enrique Díaz Coa, 2025. "Direct Current Photovoltaic Solar Energy for Water Heating," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-18, April.

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