IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v17y2024i19p4987-d1492931.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Energy Security and Women’s Empowerment: A Generalized Method of Moments Approach from a Global Perspective

Author

Listed:
  • Masahina Sarabdeen

    (Department of Economics, College of Business Administration, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia)

  • A. C. Muhammadu Kijas

    (Department of Social Foundations and Educational Leadership, Faculty of Education, International Islamic University, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia)

  • Fatma Mabrouk

    (Department of Economics, College of Business Administration, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia)

  • Jawaher Binsuwadan

    (Department of Economics, College of Business Administration, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia)

  • Hawazen Zam Almugren

    (Department of Economics, College of Business Administration, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

The importance of energy security is emphasized in Goal 7 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda to guarantee that everyone has affordable, dependable, and contemporary energy access. In addition to transforming human life, whole economies, and even the planet, sustainable energy offers a chance for a better future. The absence of energy security impacts serious health problems, education, and household difficulties. Research on energy security has emphasized various angles worldwide. However, investigations of the impact of energy security on women’s empowerment are still scant. This study thus investigates the relationship between energy security and women’s empowerment (WE) in 167 countries from 2002 to 2021, as well as the influence of urbanization development levels on this nexus. Moreover, this study explores the variation in women’s empowerment between geographical regions by referencing the MENA, OECD, and SAARC countries. A two-step system GMM was used to achieve the objectives of this research. The findings show first that renewable energy availability has a significant effect on WE worldwide. Secondly, in terms of energy security, the variables total availability of natural resource rents and renewable energy both have a positive impact on women’s empowerment in the MENA, while in the OECD and SAARC countries, they have an indirect link with WE. Third, the integrating effect of total natural resource rents with urbanization significantly affects WE in all five models. Fourth, we used access to electricity to represent resource affordability. Unexpectedly, the results show its negative and significant association with WE. Fifth, in terms of energy security, both energy availability and affordability favor WE in OECD countries. Finally, the coefficient of integration of access to electricity and urbanization shows a positive and significant association with WE in the OECD, MENA, and SAARC regions. However, it is noteworthy to mention that access to electricity alone does not influence WE worldwide. Additionally, a series of tests confirm the robustness of the results. This research provides insight into the development and implications of energy security-related women’s empowerment policies.

Suggested Citation

  • Masahina Sarabdeen & A. C. Muhammadu Kijas & Fatma Mabrouk & Jawaher Binsuwadan & Hawazen Zam Almugren, 2024. "Energy Security and Women’s Empowerment: A Generalized Method of Moments Approach from a Global Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-16, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:19:p:4987-:d:1492931
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/19/4987/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/19/4987/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Dalia Streimikiene & Vidas Lekavičius & Tomas Baležentis & Grigorios L. Kyriakopoulos & Josef Abrhám, 2020. "Climate Change Mitigation Policies Targeting Households and Addressing Energy Poverty in European Union," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-24, July.
    2. Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Trabelsi, Nader & Abakah, Emmanuel Joel Aikins & Nasreen, Samia & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2023. "An empirical analysis of the dynamic relationship between clean and dirty energy markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    3. Pan, Lei & Biru, Ashenafi & Lettu, Sandra, 2021. "Energy poverty and public health: Global evidence," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 101(C).
    4. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Yuan, Zihao & Lee, Chi-Chuan & Chang, Yu-Fang, 2022. "The impact of renewable energy technology innovation on energy poverty: Does climate risk matter?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
    5. Lidia Luty & Monika Zioło & Wioletta Knapik & Iwona Bąk & Karol Kukuła, 2023. "Energy Security in Light of Sustainable Development Goals," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-18, January.
    6. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Zhao, Ya-Nan, 2023. "Heterogeneity analysis of factors influencing CO2 emissions: The role of human capital, urbanization, and FDI," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    7. Fang, Jianchun & Gozgor, Giray & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Mallick, Hrushikesh & Padhan, Hemachandra, 2022. "Does urbanisation induce renewable energy consumption in emerging economies? The role of education in energy switching policies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
    8. Akter, Sonia & Mathew, Nikhitha Mary & Fila, Marian Edward, 2023. "The impact of an improvement in the quality and reliability of rural residential electricity supply on clean cooking fuel adoption: Evidence from six energy poor Indian states," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    9. Acheampong, Alex O. & Dzator, Janet & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2021. "Empowering the powerless: Does access to energy improve income inequality?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    10. Sambodo, Maxensius Tri & Novandra, Rio, 2019. "The state of energy poverty in Indonesia and its impact on welfare," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 113-121.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Yuan, Zihao, 2024. "Impact of energy poverty on public health: A non-linear study from an international perspective," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
    2. Lee, Chi-Chuan & Song, Hepeng & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2023. "Assessing the effect of green finance on energy inequality in China via household-level analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    3. Zhao, Congyu & Dong, Kangyin & Jiang, Hong-Dian & Wang, Kun & Dong, Xiucheng, 2023. "How does energy poverty eradication realize the path to carbon unlocking? The case of China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
    4. Shahzad, Umer & Gupta, Mansi & Sharma, Gagan Deep & Rao, Amar & Chopra, Ritika, 2022. "Resolving energy poverty for social change: Research directions and agenda," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 181(C).
    5. Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad & Dong, Kangyin & Zhao, Congyu & Phoumin, Han, 2023. "Can financial and economic means accelerate renewable energy growth in the climate change era? The case of China," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 730-743.
    6. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Yahya, Farzan, 2024. "Mitigating energy instability: The influence of trilemma choices, financial development, and technology advancements," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    7. Shao, Hanhua & Wang, Yaning & Lee, Chien-Chiang & Wen, Huwei, 2024. "How does political stability affect renewable energy finance? International evidence," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    8. Zhao, Congyu & Wu, Qingyang, 2024. "The wall between urban and rural: How does the urban-rural electricity gap inhibit the human development index," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 289-301.
    9. Domguia, Edmond Noubissi & Ngounou, Borice Augustin & Pondie, Thierry Messie & Bitoto, Fabrice Ewolo, 2024. "Environmental tax and energy poverty: An economic approach for an environmental and social solution," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).
    10. Maheen Noor & Dilawar Khan & Alam Khan & Noman Rasheed, 2024. "The impact of renewable and non-renewable energy on sustainable development in South Asia," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(6), pages 14621-14638, June.
    11. Li, Jun & Li, Jiajia & Guo, Kun & Ji, Qiang & Zhang, Dayong, 2024. "Policy spillovers from climate actions to energy poverty: International evidence," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 11.
    12. Ding, Tao & Li, Hao & Liu, Li & Feng, Kui, 2024. "An inquiry into the nexus between artificial intelligence and energy poverty in the light of global evidence," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    13. Acheampong, Alex O. & Opoku, Eric Evans Osei & Amankwaa, Afua & Dzator, Janet, 2024. "Energy poverty and gender equality in education: Unpacking the transmission channels," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    14. Opoku, Eric Evans Osei & Acheampong, Alex O., 2023. "Energy justice and economic growth: Does democracy matter?," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 160-186.
    15. John M. Polimeni & Mihaela Simionescu & Raluca I. Iorgulescu, 2022. "Energy Poverty and Personal Health in the EU," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-21, September.
    16. Lee, Chi-Chuan & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2024. "Not all are alike: Assessing the effect of geopolitical risk on regional renewable energy development in China," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
    17. Shobande, Olatunji A., 2023. "Rethinking social change: Does the permanent and transitory effects of electricity and solid fuel use predict health outcome in Africa?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 186(PB).
    18. Pan, Yinghao & Zhang, Chao-Chao & Lee, Chien-Chiang & Lv, Suxiang, 2024. "Environmental performance evaluation of electric enterprises during a power crisis: Evidence from DEA methods and AI prediction algorithms," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
    19. Liang, Yinhe & Liu, Xi & Yu, Sitian, 2025. "Education and energy poverty: Evidence from China's compulsory education law," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 314(C).
    20. Sinha, Avik & Tiwari, Sunil & Saha, Tanaya, 2024. "Modeling the behavior of renewable energy market: Understanding the moderation of climate risk factors," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:19:p:4987-:d:1492931. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.